search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Petrology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
Introduction: Why Study Petrology?
1
4
PART I. IGNEOUS ROCKS
5
210
Introduction to Igneous Environments
7
26
What Is Igneous Petrology?
7
1
Igneous Environments: Intrusive versus Extrusive
8
4
Small-Scale Features
12
1
Types of Intrusions
13
7
Sills
13
1
Laccoliths
13
2
Lopoliths
15
1
Dikes and Veins
16
1
Batholiths and Stocks
17
3
Methods of Emplacement of Intrusive Rocks
20
2
Types of Extrusions
22
11
Igneous Minerals and Textures
33
28
Minerals of Igneous Rocks
33
6
Silica Minerals
33
1
Feldspars
33
2
Pyroxenes
35
2
Olivine
37
1
Feldspathoids
37
1
Amphiboles
37
1
Micas and Other Sheet Silicates
38
1
Other Silicates
38
1
Oxides, Sulfides, and Phosphates
39
1
Igneous Rock Textures and Structures
39
6
Degree of Crystallinity, Grain Size, and Grain Shape
39
1
Fabrics
39
6
Common Plutonic Rocks
45
10
Granite and Alkali Granite
45
1
Syenite and Alkali Granite
45
7
Nepheline Syenite
52
1
Monzonite
52
1
Diorite
53
1
Gabbro
53
1
Ultramafic Rocks
53
2
Common Volcanic Rocks
55
6
Rhyolite, Dacite, Obsidian, Vitrophyre, Pumice, Scoria
55
1
Trachyte
55
1
Phonolite
56
1
Latite
56
1
Andesite
57
1
Basalt
57
4
Chemistry and Classification of Igneous Rocks
61
20
Physical Properties of Magma
61
1
Chemical Constituents of Igneous Rocks
62
2
Methods of Chemical Analysis
64
2
Wet Chemical Analysis
64
1
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
64
1
X-Ray Emission or X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy
64
1
Electron Microprobe (EMP) and Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)
65
1
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy
65
1
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)
65
1
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Methods
65
1
The Chemical Compositions of Igneous Rocks
66
1
Measuring and Estimating Mineralogy
66
1
Weight and Volume Modes
66
1
The CIPW Norm
67
1
Mineralogic Classification
67
9
The IUGS Classification System
68
5
Other Aspects of Classification
73
3
Chemical Classification
76
1
Silica Saturation
76
1
Alumina Content of Granites
76
1
Chemical Trends
76
5
Harker Diagrams
77
1
AFM (or FMA) Diagrams
77
1
Differentiation Index
78
1
Alkali-Lime Index
78
1
Larsen Index
78
1
Spider Diagrams
78
1
Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC)
78
3
Crystallization of Magmas
81
20
Laboratory Experiments on Magmas
81
1
Equilibrium and the Phase Rule
82
3
Equilibrium
82
1
Phases
83
1
Components
83
1
The Phase Rule
84
1
Derivation of the Phase Rule
85
1
Two-Component Systems
85
4
Geometric-Topologic Properties
85
2
Equilibrium Crystallization
87
2
Two-Component Systems with an Incongruently Melting Phase
89
2
Geometric-Topologic Properties
89
1
Equilibrium Crystallization
90
1
Two-Component Systems with Complete Solid Solution
91
2
Ternary Systems
93
8
Simple Ternary Systems
93
2
Complex Ternary Systems
95
6
Origin of Magmas by Melting of the Mantle and Crust
101
18
Melting in Binary Systems
101
5
Simple Binary Eutectic Systems
101
1
Binary Systems with Peritectics
102
2
Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution
104
2
Melting in Ternary Systems
106
4
Simple Ternary Eutectic Systems
106
1
Ternary Systems with Solid Solution
107
1
Ternary Systems with Congruent Intermediate Compounds
108
2
Forsterite-Diopside-Silica: A Model for the Origin of Basaltic Magmas
110
3
Low-Pressure Phase Relations
110
2
High-Pressure Phase Relations
112
1
Albite-Orthoclase-Quartz: A Model for Melting and Crystallization of Granites
113
3
Low-Pressure Phase Relations
113
2
High-Pressure Phase Relations
115
1
Equilibrium and Fractional Melting: Do They Occur in Nature?
116
3
Evolution of Magmas: Fractional Crystallization and Contamination
119
18
Fractional Crystallization
119
4
Binary Eutectic and Peritectic Systems
121
1
Ternary Eutectic Systems
122
1
Volumetric Relationships
122
1
Layered Gabbroic Intrusions: A Natural Example of Fractional Crystallization
123
9
Crystallization Sequence in Layered Intrusions
124
4
Physical Characteristics of Cumulate Layers in Layered Intrusions
128
2
New Ideas Regarding Layered Intrusions
130
2
Magma Contamination
132
3
Physical and Chemical Access
132
2
Thermal and Energy Effects
134
1
Effects on Basaltic Magma Chemistry
134
1
Magma Mixing
135
2
Petrology of the Mantle
137
14
Gross Vertical Structure of the Interior
137
3
Crust
138
1
Upper Mantle
138
1
Transition Zone
139
1
Lower Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core
139
1
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
140
1
Physical Characteristics of the Mantle
140
3
Horizontal Density Heterogeneity
140
1
Temperature Distribution
140
2
Mantle Convection
142
1
Chemistry and Mineralogy of the Mantle and Core
143
3
Sources of Information
143
2
Estimates of Mantle Chemistry
145
1
Mantle Petrology
146
5
Petrologic Significance of the Asthenosphere
147
4
Igneous Rocks of the Oceanic Lithosphere
151
18
The Nature of the Mid-Ocean Ridges
151
11
Petrographic and Chemical Characteristics of MORBs
156
2
Petrogenesis of Seafloor Basalts
158
4
Ocean Island Basalts and Related Rocks
162
7
Chemical and Mineralogic Characteristics of Ocean Island Rocks
164
1
Petrogenesis of Ocean Island Magmas
165
4
Igneous Rocks of Convergent Margins
169
22
Igneous Rocks of Convergent Oceanic Plates
170
7
Chemistry and Petrography of Island Arc Volcanics
172
2
Petrogenesis of Island Arc Magmas
174
3
Igneous Rocks of the Continental Margins
177
10
The Ophiolite Suite
177
3
Continental Magmatic Arcs
180
3
Chemical Compositions and Petrography
183
1
Petrogenesis of Continental Arc Magmas
183
2
The Role of Secondary Melting: Introduction to the Granite Problem
185
2
Continent-Continent Collision
187
4
Igneous Rocks of Continental Lithosphere
191
24
Continental Basalt Provinces
191
6
Flood Basalts
191
4
Layered Mafic Intrusions
195
1
Komatiites
196
1
Continental Rifts
197
6
Chemistry, Petrography, and Petrogenesis of Continental Rift Magmas
200
2
Carbonatites
202
1
Anorogenic Granitoids
203
3
Anorthosites
206
4
Lunar Anorthosites
207
1
Archean Megacrystic Anorthosites
207
1
Massif Anorthosites
207
3
Kimberlites and Lamproites
210
5
PART II. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
215
136
The Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks
217
14
Destruction of the Rock Record
218
1
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
219
1
Mudrocks
219
1
Sandstones
219
1
Carbonate Rocks
219
1
Depositional Basins and Plate Tectonics
220
8
Oceanic Basins
223
1
Arc-Trench System Basins
223
2
Continental-Collision Basins
225
1
Basins in Displaced Terranes
226
1
Grabens Along Continental Margins
226
1
Intracontinental Basins
227
1
Climate
228
3
Weathering and Soils
231
10
Reactions and Products
231
2
The Structure of Clay Minerals
233
1
Soils
234
7
Paleosols
234
1
Duricrusts
235
6
Conglomerates and Sandstones
241
24
Field Observations
241
2
Grain Size
241
1
Dispersal Pattern and Transport Distance
241
1
Textural Maturity
242
1
Mineral Composition
243
1
Conglomerates
243
3
Sandstones
246
11
Quartz
246
3
Feldspar
249
4
Lithic Fragments
253
1
Accessory Minerals
254
2
Mica
256
1
Glauconite
257
1
Classification
257
1
Interpretive Petrology
258
4
Tectonics and Detrital Mineral Composition
258
2
Climate and Detrital Mineral Composition
260
1
Transporting Agent, Depositional Environment, and Detrital Mineral Composition
261
1
Recycling of Sediment
262
3
Diagenesis of Sandstones
265
16
Compaction and Cementation
265
1
Quartz Cement
266
4
Calcite Cement
270
2
Geochemistry of Calcite Cement
270
2
Comparative Geochemistry of Quartz and Calcite
272
1
Hematite Cement
272
4
Clay Mineral Cement
276
2
Zeolite Cement
278
1
Albitization
278
1
Calcitization
279
1
Plate Tectonic Controls of Diagenesis
279
2
Mudrocks
281
14
Field Observations
281
3
Textures
281
1
Structures
281
2
Colors
283
1
Laboratory Studies
284
1
Composition
284
2
Clay Minerals
284
1
Quartz
285
1
Feldspar
286
1
Carbonate Minerals
286
1
Organic Matter
286
1
Bentonite
286
1
Ancient Mudrocks
286
9
Paleocurrent Indicators
286
1
Petrology
287
2
Black Shales
289
1
Black Shales, Paleoceanography, and Plate Motions
290
5
Limestones and Dolostones
295
30
Textures
295
1
Grains
296
4
Fossils
296
1
Ooids
297
1
Peloids
298
1
Limeclasts
298
2
Matrix
300
1
Grain Size, Sorting, and Rounding
301
1
Insoluble Residues
301
1
Classification
302
1
Structures
303
3
Current-Generated Structures
303
1
Geopetal Structures
304
1
Lamination
304
2
Calcium Carbonate Depositional Sites
306
4
Platform and Shelf Carbonates
306
1
Micritic Mud Mounds
307
1
Organic Reefs
307
1
Deep-Sea Carbonates
308
1
Lacustrine Carbonates
309
1
Calcium Carbonate Equilibria
310
1
Diagenesis
311
6
Cementation
311
1
Later Diagenesis
312
3
Secondary Porosity
315
2
Dolostones
317
4
Field Observations
318
1
Laboratory Studies
319
1
Aggregate Dolostone Textures
320
1
Environments of Formation
321
2
Deep-Burial Dolostone
323
1
Geochemistry of Dolomite
323
2
Other Types of Sedimentary Rocks
325
26
Evaporites
325
10
Abundance
325
1
Mineralogy
325
1
Distinguishing Marine from Nonmarine Evaporites
326
1
Distinguishing Primary from Secondary Features
327
1
Sedimentary Structures
327
1
Laboratory Studies
328
1
Ochoan Series, Delaware Basin
329
1
Devonian Duperow Formation, Williston Basin
330
4
Origin of Giant Marine Deposits
334
1
Summary of Evaporites
335
1
Cherts
335
4
Field Observations
335
1
Chert Nodules
335
1
Bedded Cherts at Plate Margins
335
1
Cherts in Saline, Alkaline Lakes
336
1
Laboratory Studies
337
1
Chemical Considerations
338
1
Summary of Cherts
339
1
Iron-Rich Rocks
339
6
Cherty Iron Formations
339
2
Iron Formations and Free Oxygen in the Precambrian
341
2
Ironstones
343
1
Summary of Iron-Rich Rocks
344
1
Phosphorites
345
6
Field Observations
345
1
Laboratory Observations
345
1
Chemical Considerations
346
1
Ancient Phosphorites
347
2
Summary of Phosphorites
349
2
PART III. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
351
138
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
353
22
Definition of Metamorphism
353
2
Types of Metamorphism
355
1
Origin of Metamorphic Petrology
356
1
Metamorphic Textures and Structures
357
3
Metamorphic Recrystallization
360
4
Initiation of Metamorphism
360
1
Increase in Grain Size
361
1
Growth of Porphyroblasts
362
2
Common Metamorphic Rock Types
364
7
Mudrocks
364
1
Calcareous Rocks
365
1
Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks
366
1
Other Rock Types
367
4
Field Observations of Metamorphic Rocks
371
4
Regional Metamorphic Rocks
371
1
Contact Metamorphic Rocks
372
1
Identification of Rock Types
372
3
Isograds, Metamorphic Facies, and Pressure-Temperature Evolution
375
20
Metamorphic Isograds
375
2
Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series
377
4
Metamorphic Facies
377
3
Facies Series
380
1
Pressure-Temperature-Time Models for Metamorphism
381
5
A Thermal Model for Contact Metamorphism
382
1
A Thermal Model for Regional Metamorphism
383
2
Thermal Evolution of Granulite Facies Terranes
385
1
Influence of Tectonics on Metamorphic P-T-t Paths
386
9
Convergent Margins with Subduction
386
2
Continent-Continent Collision
388
7
Assemblages, Reactions, and Equilibrium
395
16
Components, Phases, and Assemblages
395
2
The Concept of Equilibrium
397
1
Application of Equilibrium Concepts to Metamorphic Rocks
398
1
Reactions and the Phase Rule
399
3
Graphical Representation of Assemblages and Reactions
402
9
Fundamental Principles
402
3
More Complex Systems: ACF, A'KF, and AFM Diagrams
405
6
Controls of Metamorphic Reactions
411
18
Environmental Controls
411
3
Temperature and Pressure
411
2
Compositions of Metamorphic Fluids
413
1
Fluid Inclusions
413
1
Metamorphic Reactions
414
3
Reaction Mechanisms
417
2
Types of Metamorphic Reactions
419
10
Discontinuous (Univariant) Reactions
420
1
Continuous (Divariant) Reactions and Distribution Coefficients
421
1
Solid-Solid Reactions
422
1
Dehydration and Decarbonation Reactions
423
6
Metamorphism of Mafic and Ultramafic Igneous Rocks
429
20
Seafloor Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Alteration
429
2
Burial Metamorphism
431
3
Low-and Medium-Pressure Regional Metamorphism
434
11
Greenschist Facies
434
2
Amphibolite Facies
436
5
Granulite Facies
441
4
High-Pressure Regional Metamorphism
445
4
Blueschist Facies
445
1
Eclogite Facies
446
3
Metamorphism of Aluminous Clastic Rocks
449
20
Aluminous Rock Compositions
449
2
Very Low Grade Metamorphism
451
1
Metamorphism at Moderate MFG: The Barrovian Sequence
451
10
Chlorite Zone
453
1
Biotite Zone
454
1
Garnet Zone
455
1
Staurolite Zone
456
1
Kyanite Zone
457
2
Sillimanite Zone
459
1
Sillimanite-Orthoclase and Higher Grade Zones
460
1
Influence of Minor Components
461
1
Metamorphism at High MFG-Low-Pressure Sequences
461
1
Metamorphism at Low MFG-High-Pressure Sequences
462
1
Melting of Aluminous Rocks
463
6
Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks
469
20
The Role and Behavior of Metamorphic Fluids
469
5
Mixed Volatile Equilibria
469
3
Internal Control of Fluid Compositions
472
1
Infiltration and Buffering of Fluid Composition
473
1
Metamorphic Reactions and Assemblages in Marbles
474
6
Regional Metamorphism
474
2
Contact Metamorphism of Marbles
476
4
Metamorphism of Calc-Silicate Rocks
480
9
Prograde Assemblages in Calc-Silicates
481
4
Further Observations of Calc-Silicate Rocks
485
4
Appendix 1. Calculation of the CIPW Norm
489
6
Mode and Norm---What and Why
489
1
CIPW Norm Calculation
490
5
Appendix 2. Pressure-Temperature Determination
495
10
General Principles
495
3
Exchange Thermometry
495
2
Solvus Thermometry
497
1
Net-Transfer Equilibria
497
1
Other Geothermobarometers
497
1
Igneous Rock Geothermobarometry
498
2
Temperature Determination
498
1
Pressure Determination
499
1
Metamorphic Rock Geothermobarometers
500
2
Temperature Determination
500
1
Pressure Determination
501
1
Uncertainties in P-T Estimation
502
3
Glossary
505
18
Index
523