Acknowledgements

Preface

Introduction

Defining the Cyprus Problem

Defining the Views of Cypriot Political Parties

Explaining UN Involvement in Cyprus

The Role of UNFICYP

The Disputants' Views, Peacemaking and the UN

Defining the Book

PART I: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A Survey of Theoretical Approaches to Peacemaking

Introduction

Negotiation

International Mediation

Mediation, Power, Legitimacy and the Conflict Environment

Initiation of the Mediation Process

Impartiality

The Process of Mediation

The UN, Good Offices and Mediation

Conclusion

The Disputants' View of International Mediation

Introduction

The Basis for the Framework

The Balance of Power, Legality, Initiation and Potential Roles for the Third Party

The Third Party's Past Record, Objectives, and Resources

Perceptions of What the Third Party May Achieve

The Methods Used

The Third Party's Objectivity and Tendency towards Bias

Theory in Practice: Applications to the Case Study

PART II: THE ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT

The Historical Background to the Cyprus Problem

Introduction

The British Period: Divide et Impera 1878--1960

Events Leading Up to Independence 1950--60

1960--63: An Uneasy Peace

December 1963: Constitutional Changes and the Outbreak of Violence

Conclusion

PART III: THE VIEWS OF THE MEDIATED UPON IN THE CYPRUS CONFLICT

Establishing the Status Quo and the Formation of the Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus 1964-74

Introduction

1954--60: From British Colony to UN Member State

1963--67: The Shaping of the Status Quo and the Development of the Disputants' Views of UN Peacemaking

Resolution 186: The Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peacemaking

The First Phase of Mediation and Reactions to the Galo Plaze Report

The Establishment of the Second Phase of the Peacemaking Operation: Minimal Involvement

1968--73: The Intercommunal Talks and a Deceptive Calm

1974: The United Nations in Disarray

The Second Wave of Turkish Troops and a Reassessment of the Parties' Views of the Mediator

Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views

A Reversal of Fortunes: The Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus 1975--83

Introduction

1975--79: The Emergence of the Disputants' Negotiating Positions

The Vienna Talks: Avoiding Blame

A Preliminary Framework and Further Negotiations

1977: The First High-Level Agreement

1979: The Second High-Level Agreement: Delaying Tactics

1980--83: Deadlock and Disillusionment

Events Leading to the Turkish Cypriot Unilateral Declaration of Independence

Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views

Political Dominance versus Military Superiority: The Two Communities' Views of UN Involvement in Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1984 to 1994

Introduction

1984--86: Renewed Impetus: A Move towards Positive Views of the Mediator

More Positive Views, Decisive Secretary-General Involvement and the Failure of the Draft Agreements

1988--94: A Change of Focus: The Set of Ideas, Confidence-building measures and Vassilou's New Approach

A Return to the Old Game: Clerides's Presidency

Recent Developments and Current Prospects

Conclusion: The Implications of the Disputants' Views

Conclusion. An Appraisal of the Disputants' Views: UN Peacemaking in Cyprus

Summary

Lessons from the Cyprus Case: The Significance of the Disputants' Views

The Disputants' Views: the Search for a Solution or Devious Objectives?

A Framework for Cooperation

Appendix 1. The Zurich--London Agreements, 11 February 1959

Appendix 2. Makarios's Thirteen Points of 1963

Appendix 3. UN Security Council Resolution 186 of 4 March 1964

Appendix 4. UN General Assembly Resolution 3212, 1974

Appendix 5. High-Level Agreement, 12 February 1977

Appendix 6. The Ten-Point Agreement, 19 May 1979

Appendix 7. UN Security Council Resolution 541, 18 November 1983

Appendix 8. Confidence-Building Measures, 25 November 1992

Bibliography

1. Books and Articles

2. Primary Sources

3. News Sources

4. Interviews, Correspondence and Private Conversations

Index