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Tables of Contents for Middle and Secondary School Instructional Methods
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xii
PART 1 Foundations
2
60
Chapter 1 Middle and Secondary Schools
2
28
Overview
2
1
Objectives
3
1
Evolution and Organization
4
15
Early Colonial Education
4
2
Early Schools
6
1
Changing Focus
7
2
Current Trends in Schooling
9
1
Modern Schools
10
2
Control of Schools
12
1
Expectations and Standards
12
2
Purposes of Education
14
5
Curricular Imperatives
19
4
Program Requirements
20
1
General Education
20
1
Exploratory Education
20
1
Career Education
21
1
State and Regional Accreditation
21
1
Students
22
1
Strategies for School Improvement
23
4
Parental and Community Involvement
23
1
Charter Schools
24
1
Curriculum Integration
24
1
Block Scheduling
25
1
Year-Round Schooling
26
1
Implications for Middle School Practice
27
2
Chapter Summary
29
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
29
1
Chapter 2 Students, Teaching, and Learning
30
32
Overview
30
1
Objectives
31
1
Adolescent Development
32
6
Psychobiological Development
32
3
Psychosocial Development
35
1
Cognitive Development
36
1
Sensorimotor Stage
36
1
Preoperational Stage
37
1
Concrete Operational Stage
37
1
Formal Operational Stage
37
1
Issues in Adolescence
38
5
Apathy
38
1
Delinquency
39
1
Drug and Alcohol Use
40
1
Working Adolescents
41
1
Pregnancy
41
1
Emotional Disorders
41
2
Teaching
43
6
Teaching as an Art and a Science
44
1
Effective Teaching
45
1
Effective Organization
45
1
Time in Schools and Classrooms
46
3
Learning
49
9
Behavioral Learning Theories
49
1
Cognitive Learning Theories
49
1
Information-Processing Theory
50
1
Learning Theories and Teaching Styles
51
1
Student Learning Style
52
3
Teaching Students to Learn
55
3
Implications for Middle School Practice
58
1
Chapter Summary
58
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
59
3
PART 2 Preparing for Instruction
62
266
Chapter 3 Organizing for Teaching
62
26
Overview
62
1
Objectives
63
1
A Model of Teaching
64
1
The Curriculum
65
2
Explicit Curriculum
65
2
Hidden Curriculum
67
1
Extracurriculum
67
1
Curriculum Structure
67
3
Subject-Centered Curriculum
68
1
Student-Centered Curriculum
69
1
Curriculum Selection
70
8
Needs of Students
70
1
Initial Diagnosis Phase
71
1
Continuous Diagnosis Phase
72
1
Diagnostic Tools
72
1
Needs of Society
73
3
Needs Derived from the Subject
76
2
Selection of Content
78
3
Imitative-Maintenance Level
79
1
Mediative Level
80
1
Creative-Generative Level
80
1
Planning the Course
81
3
Interdisciplinary Teaching Teams
84
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
86
1
Chapter Summary
86
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
87
1
Chapter 4 Goals and Objectives
88
26
Overview
88
1
Objectives
89
1
Rationale for Objectives
90
3
Instructional Framework
90
1
Communication of Intent
90
1
Teacher Accountability
91
2
Objective Specificity
93
1
Stating Objectives
94
5
Instructional Objectives
95
1
Element One: Performance
96
1
Element Two: Product
96
1
Element Three: Conditions
96
1
Element Four: Criteria
97
1
Informational Objectives
98
1
Communication of Objectives
99
1
Taxonomies of Objectives
100
12
Cognitive Domain
102
1
Level One: Knowledge
103
1
Level Two: Comprehension
103
1
Level Three: Application
104
1
Level Four: Analysis
104
1
Level Five: Synthesis
104
1
Level Six: Evaluation
104
1
Affective Domain
105
2
Level One: Receiving
107
1
Level Two: Responding
107
1
Level Three: Valuing
107
1
Level Four: Organizing
108
1
Level Five: Characterization by a Value or Value Complex
108
1
Psychomotor Domain
108
1
Level One: Fundamental Movement
108
1
Level Two: Generic Movement
109
1
Level Three: Ordinative Movement
110
1
Level Four: Creative Movement
110
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
112
1
Chapter Summary
112
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
113
1
Chapter 5 Unit and Daily Planning
114
32
Overview
114
1
Objectives
115
1
Planning Instruction
116
9
Team Planning
116
1
Teacher-Student Planning
117
1
Instructional Materials
118
1
Students with Special Needs
118
1
Course Planning
119
1
Unit Planning
119
3
Weekly Plans
122
1
Daily Lesson Plans
122
1
Postlesson Evaluation
122
1
Lesson Formats
123
2
Lesson Plan Structure
125
18
Set Induction
126
9
Strategies and Procedures
135
1
Methodology Selection
136
3
Procedure Selection
139
1
Closure
139
2
Lesson Planning for Everyday Use
141
1
Reflective Teaching
141
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
143
1
Chapter Summary
144
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
145
1
Chapter 6 Instructional-Media Learning Tools
146
32
Overview
146
1
Objectives
147
1
General Instructional-Media Selection Guidelines
148
2
Media and Instruction
150
1
Printed Materials
151
1
Common Instructional Media
152
9
Chalkboards
152
3
Bulletin Boards
155
2
Overhead Transparencies
157
1
Real-Life Objects and Models
158
1
Simulations and Games
159
1
Pictures, Drawings, and Charts
159
2
Technology
161
15
Filmstrips and 16-mm Films
162
1
Video and Television
162
2
Videodisc and Interactive Video Technology
164
2
Distance Learning
166
1
The Internet
166
2
Computers
168
3
Computer-Managed Instruction
171
1
Computer-Assisted Instruction
171
5
Implications for Middle School Practice
176
1
Chapter Summary
177
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
177
1
Chapter 7 Direct Teaching Methods
178
30
Overview
178
1
Objectives
179
2
Exposition Teaching
181
8
Lecture
181
1
Strengths of the Lecture
181
1
Weaknesses of the Lecture
182
1
Variants of the Lecture
182
1
Telelecture
182
1
Textbook Lecture
183
1
Prerecorded Lecture
184
1
Planning the Lecture
184
1
Presenting the Lecture
185
1
Tempo
185
1
Instructional Media Learning Tools
185
1
Stimulus Variation
186
1
Voice and Language
187
1
Balancing the Lecture
187
2
Exposition with Interaction Teaching
189
12
The Art of Questioning
189
1
Levels of Questions
189
1
Convergent and Divergent Questions
190
1
Mental Operation Questions
191
2
Types of Questions
193
1
Focusing Questions
194
1
Prompting Questions
194
1
Probing Questions
195
1
Questioning Techniques
196
1
Redirecting
196
1
Wait-Time
197
1
Halting Time
198
1
Reinforcement
198
1
Tips on Questioning
199
1
Lecture Recitation
200
1
Textbook Recitation
200
1
The Socratic Method
200
1
The Demonstration Method
201
5
Implications for Middle School Practice
206
1
Chapter Summary
207
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
207
1
Chapter 8 Indirect Teaching Methods
208
36
Overview
208
1
Objectives
209
1
The Discussion Method
210
10
Planning the Discussion
212
1
Whole-Class Discussions
213
1
Small-Group Discussions
214
2
Brainstorming
216
1
Buzz Group
216
1
Task Group
216
1
Variants of the Discussion
216
1
Panels
217
1
Debates
217
1
Role-Playing
218
1
Cooperative Learning
219
1
Heuristic Methods
220
12
Problem Solving
221
2
Discovery Learning
223
1
Discovery Learning Strategies
223
2
Benefits of Discovery Learning
225
1
Limitations of Discovery Learning
226
1
Inquiry Learning
226
1
Inquiry Learning Strategies
226
1
Suchman Inquiry Learning
227
2
Benefits of Inquiry Learning
229
1
Limitations of Inquiry Learning
229
1
Simulations and Games
230
2
The Teacher's Role
232
1
Classroom Environment
233
1
Individualized Strategies
233
7
Individualized Instruction
234
3
Independent Study
237
1
Mastery Learning
237
2
Effectiveness of Individualization
239
1
Drill and Practice
240
1
Implications for Middle School Practice
241
1
Chapter Summary
242
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
243
1
Chapter 9 Teaching Learning Strategies
244
24
Overview
244
1
Objectives
245
1
Responsibility
246
2
Thinking Skills
248
1
Categories of Thinking
249
5
Critical Thinking
250
1
Creative Thinking
251
3
Thinking-Skills Instruction
254
12
The Separate Approach
255
1
The Infusion Approach
256
1
Critical-Thinking Instruction
256
3
Thinking-Skills Activities
259
1
Brainstorming
259
1
Flexible Thinking
259
1
Forecasting
260
1
Inductive Thinking
260
1
Inference Making
261
1
Logical Thinking
261
1
Deductive Thinking
261
1
Problem Solving
262
1
Decision Making
263
3
Implications for Middle School Practice
266
1
Chapter Summary
267
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
267
1
Chapter 10 Evaluation and Measurement
268
32
Overview
268
1
Objectives
269
3
Evaluation Types
272
3
Diagnostic Evaluation
272
1
Formative Evaluation
273
1
Summative Evaluation
274
1
Systems of Evaluation
275
4
Competitive Evaluation
275
3
Noncompetitive Evaluation
278
1
Performance Assessment Using Portfolios
278
1
Problems with Evaluation
279
1
Measurement Accuracy
280
4
Reliability
280
4
Validity
281
1
Usability
282
2
Information Sources
284
7
Cumulative Records
284
1
Personal Contact
285
3
Analysis
288
1
Open-Ended Themes and Diaries
288
1
Conferences
289
1
Testing
290
1
Objective Observation
291
7
Rating Scales
292
1
Checklists
292
2
Questionnaires
294
4
Implications for Middle School Practice
298
1
Chapter Summary
299
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
299
1
Chapter 11 Test Construction and Grading
300
28
Overview
300
1
Objectives
301
1
Types of Tests
302
12
Standardized Tests
302
2
Teacher-Made Tests
304
2
Alternate-Choice Items
306
1
Multiple-Choice Items
307
2
Matching
309
2
Completion
311
1
Essay
312
2
Quizzes
314
1
Published Test Banks
314
1
Grading Systems
315
4
Absolute Grading Standards
317
1
Relative Grading Standards
318
1
Assigning Final Grades
319
3
Point Grading System
320
1
Weighted Grading System
320
1
Percentage System
321
1
Contracting for Grades
322
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
324
1
Chapter Summary
325
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
325
3
PART 3 Implementation of Instruction
328
118
Chapter 12 Communication
328
24
Overview
328
1
Objectives
329
1
The Communication Process
330
20
Verbal Communication
332
1
The Verbal Component
332
1
The Vocal Component
333
1
The Metaverbal Component
334
1
Nonverbal Communication
334
1
Facial Language
335
1
Body Language
336
1
The Language of Space and Motion
337
1
The Language of Time
338
2
The Language of Voice
340
1
Components of Listening
340
2
Hearing
342
1
Attending
342
2
Understanding
344
1
Remembering
344
2
Styles of Listening
346
1
One-Way Listening
346
1
Two-Way Listening
346
1
Empathic Listening
347
1
Listening Feedback
348
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
350
1
Chapter Summary
350
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
351
1
Chapter 13 Motivation
352
26
Overview
352
1
Objectives
353
1
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
354
1
The Cognitive Approach to Motivation
355
3
Student Attitude
355
1
Student Needs
356
1
Natural Motives
357
1
The Stimulation Approach to Motivation
358
9
Classroom Atmosphere
358
1
Leadership Style
358
1
Physical Environment
359
1
Communication
360
1
Modeling
360
1
Stimulating Interest
360
3
Set Induction
363
1
Motivational Methods
364
1
Teacher Expectations
365
2
The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation
367
7
Positive Versus Negative Reinforcement
368
1
Reinforcement Techniques
368
1
Vicarious Motivation
369
1
Feedback as Motivator
369
2
Reward Mechanisms
371
1
Contingency Contracts
371
3
Implications for Middle School Practice
374
1
Chapter Summary
375
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
376
2
Chapter 14 Reading
378
36
Overview
378
1
Objectives
379
1
Reading Problems
380
2
Diagnostic Strategies
382
6
Student Reading Levels
382
1
Identifying Reading Levels
383
1
Oral and Silent Reading Assessments
383
2
The Cloze Procedure
385
3
Content-Area Reading Inventory
388
1
Content-Reading Strategies
388
15
Before-Reading Strategies
388
5
During-Reading Strategies
393
5
After-Reading Strategies
398
5
Middle and Secondary School Textbooks
403
3
Structure of the Textbook
404
1
Use of the Textbook
405
1
Textbook Adoption
405
1
Evaluation of Textbooks
406
1
Workbooks, Duplicated Materials, and Newspapers
406
6
Implications for Middle School Practice
412
1
Chapter Summary
412
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
413
1
Chapter 15 Classroom Management
414
32
Overview
414
1
Objectives
415
1
The Role of Classroom Management
416
1
Approaches to Classroom Management
416
8
Self-Discipline Approach
416
1
Reality Therapy
417
1
Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET)
418
1
Instructional Approach
419
1
The Kounin Model
419
1
The Jones Model
420
2
Desist Approach
422
1
Assertive Discipline
422
1
Behavior Modification
422
2
Causes of Misbehavior
424
3
Home Environment
425
1
Teacher
426
1
Personality and Health Problems
427
1
Organizing for Effective Management
427
6
Planning
428
1
Establishing Routines
429
1
Managing Space
430
2
Establishing Usable Limits
432
1
Managing the Class
433
8
Sharing Control
433
1
Getting Started
434
1
Getting to Know the Students
435
1
Enforcing the Rules
436
1
Monitoring the Classroom
436
1
Resolving Conflict
436
1
Using Punishment
437
4
Implications for Middle School Practice
441
1
Chapter Summary
442
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
442
4
PART 4 The Profession
446
20
Chapter 16 Trends and Directions in Education
446
20
Overview
446
1
Objectives
447
1
Recent Trends
448
8
Social Influences
448
2
Political Influences
450
1
Educational Influences
451
1
Reflective Teaching
451
1
Mentoring
452
1
Professional Organizations
453
1
Growth as a Professional
453
1
Staff Development
454
1
Technological Influences
455
1
Reform and the Future
456
7
Competing Expectations
459
1
Changing Standards
460
1
Testing Teacher Preparation and Performance
461
1
Pursuing Reform
461
2
Implications for Middle School Practice
463
1
Chapter Summary
464
1
Discussion Questions and Activities
464
2
Appendix A Answer Keys
466
10
Appendix B Laboratory Experiences: Microteaching and Reflective Teaching
476
10
Glossary
486
8
Bibliography
494
9
Index
503