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Tables of Contents for Latin America & the Caribbean
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
XVI
The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean
1
14
Geography and Regional Studies
7
1
Delimiting Latin America and the Caribbean
7
1
Latin American and Caribbean Subregions
8
7
Key Terms
13
1
Suggested Readings
13
2
Part One PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
15
67
Landform Regions of Latin America and the Caribbean
16
29
The Eastern Highlands
16
5
The Central Lowlands
21
4
The Western Alpine System
25
1
Recent Earthquake and Volcanic Activity
26
2
Physiographic Regions of the Andes
28
1
The Nevado De Ruiz
29
4
Physiographic Regions of Central America
33
2
Physiographic Regions of Mexico and the Caribbean
35
10
Summary
43
1
Key Terms
43
1
Suggested Readings
43
2
Weather and Climate
45
20
Controls of Climate
45
1
Temperature
45
6
Altitude
45
4
Ocean Currents
49
2
Latitude
51
1
Precipitation
51
7
Continentality
51
1
Atmospheric Pressure Belts
51
2
Prevailing Winds and Orographic Effects
53
5
Hurricanes
58
4
Hurricane Gilbert
62
3
Summary
62
1
Key Terms
63
1
Suggested Readings
63
2
Natural Regions
65
17
Tropical Rain Forest
65
4
Biodiversity and the Tropical Rain Forest
69
1
Tropical and Temperate Savanna
70
2
Desert
72
2
Steppe
74
2
Humid Subtropical
76
1
Mediterranean
77
1
Marine West Coast Rain Forest
77
1
Highland
78
4
Summary
80
1
Key Terms
80
1
Suggested Readings
80
2
Part Two CULTURAL PATTERNS
82
133
Iberian Heritage, Conquest, and Institutions
83
22
Latin America's Roman Heritage
83
1
Islam in Iberia
84
1
Spanish Responses to Islamic Rule
85
2
The Spanish Reconquest
87
1
The Conquest and Settlement of Latin America
87
1
Mexico and Central America
88
3
South America
91
3
The Colonial Era
94
1
The Mercantile System
94
2
The Encomienda System
96
1
Decline of Spanish Influence in the Greater Caribbean Basin
97
1
Peninsular-Creole Divisions
98
1
Independence and the Republican Period
99
1
Conservative-Liberal Schisms
100
1
Caudillismo
101
1
Political Maturation in the Late Twentieth Century
102
3
Summary
103
1
Key Terms
103
1
Suggested Readings
103
2
Political Change
105
25
Mexico
105
1
Central America
106
1
Guatemala
107
1
Belize
107
1
Honduras
107
1
El Salvador
108
1
Nicaragua
108
1
Costa Rica
109
1
Panama
109
1
The Greater Antilles
110
1
Cuba
110
1
Jamaica
111
1
Haiti
111
1
Dominican Republic
112
1
Puerto Rico
113
1
Andean South America
113
1
Venezuela
114
1
Colombia
115
1
Ecuador
115
1
Colombia's Violent Drug War
116
2
Peru
118
1
Bolivia
119
1
Southern South America
120
1
Chile
120
1
Paraguay
121
1
Argentina
122
1
Uruguay
123
1
Brazil
124
2
The Guianas
126
1
Guyana
126
1
Suriname
127
1
French Guiana
127
3
Summary
128
1
Key Terms
128
1
Suggested Readings
128
2
Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class
130
32
Native Population Levels at the Time of the Conquest
130
1
Native American Civilizations on the Eve of the Conquest
131
2
Western Highland Peoples
133
6
The Aztecs
133
3
The Maya
136
1
The Chibcha
137
1
The Inca
138
1
Native Animals of the Andes
139
2
The Southern Andean Indians
140
1
Eastern Lowland Peoples
141
2
The Southern Hunters
142
1
The Tropical Forest Dwellers
142
1
Common Indian Traits
143
1
Impacts of European Conquest and Settlement
143
1
Causes of Indian Depopulation
144
1
Aftermath of the Conquest
145
1
Blacks in the New World
146
1
Antecedents of Latin American Black Slavery
146
1
The African Slave Trade
146
1
Living Conditions in the New World
147
1
Forms of Slave Resistance
147
1
Abolition
148
1
Maroon Societies in Latin America
149
1
East Asians in the Caribbean
150
1
Racial Mixing
150
1
The Evolution of Social Races
151
1
Racial Whitening
152
2
Racism and Its Ramifications
154
2
Current Racial Patterns
156
1
Mexico and Central America
156
2
South America
158
1
The Caribbean
159
3
Summary
159
1
Key Terms
159
1
Suggested Readings
160
2
Latin America as a Culture Region
162
27
Honor and Shame: Individual Identity and Selfworth
162
1
Machismo
162
1
Marianismo
163
1
Sex, Reproduction, and Honor
163
1
Personalismo
164
1
Socioeconomic Classes
165
2
The Upper Class
167
1
The Perpetuation of Oligarchical Power in a Central American Nation
168
1
The Middle Class
169
1
The Lower Class
170
1
Consequences of Social Rigidity
171
1
Fatalism and Luck
171
1
Dual Educational Systems
171
1
Family Life
171
3
Street Children
174
2
Possible Responses
175
1
Child Labor in Madre De Dios, Peru
176
1
Status of Women
176
5
Other Elements of Culture
181
1
Literature and Poetry
181
1
Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture
182
2
Music
184
1
Sports
184
2
Mass Media and Tempo of Living
186
3
Summary: Culture and Development
186
1
Key Terms
186
1
Suggested Readings
187
2
Religion
189
26
Religious Practice in Indigenous America
189
1
Medieval Iberian Catholicism on the Eve of the Conquest
190
1
The Spiritual Conquest of the New World
191
1
Religious Syncretism
192
1
Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother
193
2
Cuzco's Lord of the Earthquakes
195
1
Challenges to Colonial Catholicism
195
1
The Economic and Political Power of the Church in the Colonial and Republican Periods
196
1
The Current Status of Latin American Catholicism
197
1
Subtypes of Latin American Catholicism
198
5
Forms of African Folk Catholicism
202
1
Non-Catholic Faiths in Latin America and the Caribbean
203
1
Jamaican Rastafarianism
204
1
Hinduism and Islam
204
1
Judaism
205
1
Protestantism
206
5
Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Protestantism
207
4
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
211
4
Summary
212
1
Key Terms
213
1
Suggested Readings
213
2
Part Three ECONOMIC PATTERNS
215
156
Agriculture and Agrarian Development
216
32
Impact of the European Conquest
217
1
Waru Waru Agriculture
218
1
Enclave Economies
219
1
Haciendas
219
1
Estancias
220
1
Plantations
221
5
Sugar Cane in the Caribbean
221
2
Coffee in Colombia, Central America, and Brazil
223
1
Bananas in Central America and Ecuador
224
1
The Plantation Controversy
225
1
Smallholder Agriculture
226
1
Common Attributes of Smallholder Agriculturists
226
3
Slash and Burn Agriculture
229
2
Peasant Agriculture
231
1
Agrarian Reform
232
2
New Land Colonization
234
1
Agricultural Modernization
235
2
Expansion of Commercial Agriculture
237
1
Plant Crop Production
238
1
Animal Husbandry
238
2
Tree Farming
240
1
Fishing
240
2
Harvest Strip Forestry
242
2
Narcotic Drug Production
244
4
Summary
245
1
Key Terms
245
1
Suggested Readings
245
3
Mining, Manufacturing, and Tourism
248
37
Pre-Conquest Mining and Manufacturing
248
1
Mining and Manufacturing in Colonial Latin America
248
1
Silver Mining
249
4
Impact of Amalgamation
251
1
Labor Supply
252
1
Gold and Diamond Mining in Colonial Brazil
253
1
Other Colonial Mining Centers
254
1
Impacts of Mining
254
1
Manufacturing in Colonial Latin America
254
1
Mining and Regional Development in Colonial Latin America
255
1
Mining and Manufacturing During the Early Republic Period
256
1
Beginnings of Modern Manufacturing
256
1
The Great Depression and Import Substitution Industrialization
257
1
``Big Bill'' Greene and American Industrialization in Northern Mexico
258
3
Growth Poles and the Spatial Concentration of Industry
261
1
Chile and the Arica Automobile Manufacturing Experiment
261
1
Brazil: Large-Scale Regional Development and Underdevelopment
262
1
Venezuela: Growth Pole Development in a Frontier Setting
262
2
State Ownership and Privatization
264
2
Export Promotion Manufacturing: An Alternative Development Model
266
1
Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap
267
1
The Mexican Maquiladora Industry
267
2
Offshore Caribbean Financial Services Industries
269
1
Other Export Promotion Initiatives
269
2
Current Industrialization Patterns
271
1
Current Mining Developments
271
5
Energy Reserves and Development
276
1
Hydroelectric Power Generation
277
1
Renewable Organic Fuels
277
1
Tourism
278
7
Summary
282
1
Key Terms
282
1
Suggested Readings
282
3
Urbanization, Population Growth, and Migration
285
86
Native American Urbanization
285
1
Colonial European Settlement
286
3
Colonial Urban Primacy
289
1
Functional Classification of Cities
289
4
Morphology of the Colonial City
293
3
Settlement in Portuguese America
296
2
Rural Settlements
298
1
Late Colonial Population Levels
299
1
The Republican Period
300
2
Confederate Settlements in Latin America and the Caribbean
302
1
The Twentieth Century
303
1
The Demographic Transition Model
304
3
Urbanization
307
3
City Size in the Modern Era
310
2
Urban Primacy
312
3
Morphology of the Modern City
315
2
Social Expressions of the Latin American Plaza
317
1
The Inner City: Zone of Commercial High Rises and Low Income Tenements
318
1
Peripheral Squatter Settlements
319
1
Urban Population Densities
320
1
New Cities
320
1
Planned Squatter Settlement Invasions
321
2
Migration
323
1
Interregional Flows
324
1
Migration Between Latin American and Caribbean Countries
324
1
Migration to Europe and Anglo America
324
3
Political Refugees
326
1
The Brain Drain
327
1
Remittances
327
1
Conclusions: Are Latin America and the Caribbean Overpopulated?
328
9
Key Terms
330
1
Suggested Readings
330
7
Development and Health
Economic Development and Underdevelopment During the Colonial and Republican Periods
337
1
The International Financial Cycle
337
1
Recurring Economic Crises
337
1
The Lost Decade
338
1
Foreign Indebtedness
338
1
Inflation
339
2
Currency Devaluation
341
1
Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering
341
2
Fiscal Restructuring and Austerity
343
2
IMF Austerity Measures and Civil Unrest in Latin America and the Caribbean
345
1
The Found Decade
345
1
Structural Reform and the Argentine Economic Transformation
346
1
Regional and Subregional Economic Unions
346
2
Central American Common Market
348
1
Andean Group
348
1
Caribbean Community
348
2
Southern Cone Common Market
350
1
North American Free Trade Association
350
1
Free Trade Area of the Americas
350
1
Health and Nutritional Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
350
3
Provision of Clean Water and Sewage Treatment
353
1
The Latin American Cholera Epidemic
354
1
Food and Nutrition
355
3
Access to Health Care
358
1
Health and the Physical-Cultural Environment
359
1
Tropical Lowlands
359
2
Highlands
361
1
Environment and Health in Mexico City
362
1
Urban Centers
362
3
Rural Regions
365
6
Summary
366
1
Key Terms
366
1
Suggested Readings
366
5
Glossary
371
3
Credits
374
1
Index
375