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Tables of Contents for Social Evolution in Ants
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface and Acknowledgments
xi
Kin Selection
3
36
Introduction
3
2
Natural Selection as Gene Selection
5
5
The Problem of Altruism
10
2
Kin Selection and Hamilton's Rule
12
12
Inclusive Fitness
24
3
Kin Selection Works at All Gene Frequencies
27
4
Gene Expression in Kin Selection Theory
31
1
The Gene for Altruism and the Interests of the Rest of the Genome
32
3
Parental Manipulation Theory
35
1
Conclusion
36
1
Summary
37
2
Levels-of Selection Theory, Gene Selectionism, and Insect Societies
39
30
Introduction
39
1
Colony-level, Group, Kin and Gene Selection
39
11
Two Examples of Colony-level selection
50
3
Levels-of-selection Theory
53
3
Gene Selectionism, Levels-of-Selection Theory, the Evolution of Individuality, and Suppression of Within unit Conflict
56
8
The Superorganism
64
2
Conclusion
66
1
Summary
67
2
Kin Selection, Haplodiploidy, and the Evolution of Eusociality in Ants
69
38
Introduction
69
1
Concepts in the Origin and Evolution of Eusociality
70
3
The Origin of Eusociality in Ants
73
1
The Epigenetic Theory of insect Sociality
74
3
The Haplodiploidy Hypothesis
77
5
A Critique of the Haplodiploidy Hypothesis (I)
82
11
A Critique of the Haplodiploidy Hypothesis (II)
93
4
Factors Promoting Worker Evolution via Relatedness and sex Ratio Effects in Haplodiploid Populations
97
4
Factors Promoting Worker Evolution in Diploid and Haplodiploid Populations
101
3
Conclusion
104
1
Summary
104
3
Sex Ratio Theory for the Social Hymenoptera
107
49
Introduction
107
1
Fisher's Sex Ratio Theory
108
5
Sex Rations in Social Haplodiploids: Basic Theory
113
5
Sex Ratios in Slave-making Ants
118
1
Sex Ratios under Multiple Mating
119
7
Sex Ratios under Worker Reproduction
126
10
Sex Ratios under Polygyny
136
5
Sex Ratios when there is Colony Fission, Colony Budding, or Polydomy
141
4
Sex Ratio with Local mate Competition
145
6
Sex Ratio with Local Resources Competition and Local Resource Enhancement
151
1
Conclusion
152
1
Summary
152
4
Tests of Sex Ratio Theory in Ants
156
44
Introduction
156
1
Test of the Trivers-Hare Model for Monogynous Species
156
11
Sex Ratio Data in Slave-making Ants
167
3
Sex Ratio Data in Multiply Mating Species
170
4
Sex Ratio Data in Species with Worker Reproduction
174
1
Sex Ratio Data in Polygynous Species
175
10
Sex Ratio Data in Species with Colony Fission, Colony Budding, or Polydomy
185
5
Sex Ratio Data in Species with Local Mate Competition
190
5
Sex Ratio Data in Species with Local Resource Competition
195
1
Conclusion
195
1
Summary
196
4
Kin Conflict over sex Allocation
200
20
Introduction
200
1
Why do Colonies Vary in their Sex Ratios?
200
8
Do Queens and Workers Share Control of Sex Allocation?
208
4
What are the Mechanisms for Controlling Sex Allocation?
212
2
What Tactics could Queens and Workers use in the Sex Ratio Conflict?
214
2
What Factors Affect the Outcome of Queen-Worker Sex Ratio Conflict?
216
1
Conclusion
217
1
Summary
218
2
Kin Conflict over Reproduction
220
38
Introduction
220
1
Basic theory in kin Conflict
221
2
Factors Affecting kin Conflict in Social Hymenoptera
223
4
Kin Conflict over Male Production
227
17
Kin Conflict in Multiple-queen Societies
244
3
Other Kinds of Kin Conflict in Ants
247
7
Conclusion
254
1
Summary
255
3
Evolution and Ecology of Multiple-Queen Societies
258
41
Introduction
258
1
Types of Polygynous Society and their Features
259
8
Evolution of Foundress Associations
267
4
Evolution of Multicolonial, Secondary Polygyny
271
11
Evolution of Unicolonial Polygyny
282
3
Evolution of Functional Monogyny, Queen Aggression, and a Stable Reproductive Skew
285
11
Conclusion
296
1
Summary
296
3
Life History Theory in Ants
299
29
Introduction
299
2
Life History Theory in General and in Social Insects
301
2
The Evolution of a Perennial Life Cycle in Ants
303
6
Dispersal in Stable Habitats
309
1
Trade-offs, Propagule Size, and Modes of Colony-Foundation
310
5
Modular Growth
315
3
Reaction Norms
318
1
Lineage-specific Effects and the Concept of r and k Selection
319
3
Special Issues in Social Insect life History Evolution
322
3
Conclusion
325
1
Summary
326
2
The Diversity of life Histories in Ants
328
37
Introduction
328
1
The Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta
328
6
The Red Ants, Myrmica
334
7
The Leptothoracines
341
10
The Wood Ants, Formica
351
3
The Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile
354
3
The Obligately Thelytokous Ant, Pristomyrmex pungens
357
1
The Army Ants, Eciton
358
5
Conclusion
363
1
Summary
363
2
Mating Biology
365
35
Introduction
365
1
Sexual Selection and Ant Sexual Behavior
365
11
Sperm Use of Sperm Competition in ants
376
4
The Evolution of Multiple Mating in Ant Queens
380
7
The Location of Mating: Causes and Consequences
387
10
Conclusion
397
1
Summary
398
2
The Division of Labor
400
45
Introduction
400
1
The General Significance of a Division of Labor
401
3
Temporal Polyethism and a Confusion of Cause and Effect
404
4
An Algorithmic Approach to the Division of Labor
408
13
The Division of Labor: Empirical Studies
421
11
New Approaches: Spatial Patterns and the Division of Labor
432
7
Ant Colonies, Adaptive Redundancy, Complexity, and Organizations
439
2
Conclusion
441
1
Summary
442
3
References
445
66
Author Index
511
8
Subject Index
519
7
Taxonomic Index
526