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Tables of Contents for The Paradox of Representation
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
xi
2
PREFACE
xiii
 
ONE Introduction
3
12
Central Issues and Approach
3
1
Overview of the Voting Rights Act
4
1
Racial Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act
5
3
Reaction and Criticism of Racial Redistricting
8
4
THE LEGALITY OF RACIAL REDISTRICTING
8
2
THE EFFICACY OF RACIAL REDISTRICTING
10
1
THE MORALITY OF RACIAL REDISTRICTING
11
1
Definitions: Descriptive and Substantive Representation
12
1
Overview of the Book
13
2
PART I: BLACK AND LATINO DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION
15
40
TWO The History of Black and Latino Representation
17
22
Black and Latino Representation Prior to the Voting Rights Act
18
3
AFRICAN-AMERICAN REPRESENTATION, 1865-1964
18
3
LATINO REPRESENTATION, 1865-1964
21
1
Black and Latino Representation in the Post-Voting Rights Act Era
21
7
THE SECOND RECONSTRUCTION, 1965-1994
22
1
THE LINK BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION AND MAJORITY-MINORITY DISTRICTS
23
2
PERCENTAGE OF THE HOUSE VERSUS PERCENTAGE IN THE POPULATION
25
3
Why Did Minority Descriptive Representation Take So Long to Achieve?
28
6
BUILDING THE LEGAL BASIS FOR DRAWING MAJORITY-MINORITY DISTRICTS, 1965-1986
28
2
WHITES CONTINUE TO WIN SOME MAJORITY-MINORITY DISTRICTS
30
4
Potential Costs of Racial Redistricting
34
1
DRAWING MAJORITY-MINORITY DISTRICTS REQUIRES SEPARATING PEOPLE BY RACE
34
2
MAJORITY-MINORITY DISTRICTS MAY COST BLACK AND LATINOS INFLUENCE
36
1
Conclusion
37
2
THREE The Election of Black and Latino Representatives
39
16
Past Studies
40
1
Black Representatives
41
7
RACE OVERWHELMS ALL OTHER FACTORS
41
4
THRESHOLD FOR ELECTION: THE 65 PERCENT RULE IS WRONG
45
3
Latino Representatives
48
4
LATINOS WIN IN LATINO VOTING MAJORITY DISTRICTS
48
3
THRESHOLD FOR ELECTION DEPENDS ON THE PROPORTION OF CITIZENS IN THE POPULATION
51
1
Pressure for Minority Representation Facilitates the Election of New Black and Latino Representatives from Majority-Minority Districts
52
2
Conclusion
54
1
PART II: BLACK AND LATINO SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION
55
80
FOUR African-American and Latino Representation
57
15
Power at the Polls: Blacks and Latinos Overwhelmingly Win as Democrats and by Large Margins
57
4
BLACK PARTISANSHIP AND ELECTORAL SUCCESS
57
2
LATINO PARTISANSHIP AND ELECTORAL SUCCESS
59
2
Power in the House: Seniority and Minority Influence
61
5
THE PRE-VOTING RIGHTS ACT ERA
62
1
BLACK SENIORITY IN THE POST-VOTING RIGHTS ACT ERA
63
2
LATINO SENIORITY IN THE POST-VOTING RIGHTS ACT ERA
65
1
Exercising Their Power: Liberals, but Not Always
66
5
MEASURING IDEOLOGY: THE POOLE-ROSENTHAL SCORES
67
1
PARTISAN AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
68
1
THE IDEOLOGY OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES
69
1
THE IDEOLOGY OF LATINO REPRESENTATIVES
70
1
Conclusion
71
1
FIVE Race and Representation
72
26
African-American Public Opinion
73
5
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY
73
2
RACIAL ISSUES
75
1
POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE RACIAL GAP
76
2
Modeling Responsiveness to African Americans
78
4
MODEL SPECIFICATION
78
4
RESULTS
82
2
Calculating the Effect of Race
82
2
Implications
84
7
BLACK MAJORITY DISTRICTS PROVIDE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF BLACK REPRESENTATION
87
1
WHITE BLACKLASH DOES NOT PREVENT RESPONSIVENESS
87
2
RACIAL REDISTRICTING ENHANCES BLACK REPRESENTATION IF THE DEMOCRATS LOSE NO SEATS
89
2
RACIAL REDISTRICTING UNDERMINES BLACK REPRESENTATION IN THE SOUTH BUT NOT THE NORTH
91
5
Conclusion
96
2
SIX Racial Redistricting and Public Policy
98
22
Maximizing Black Substantive Representation through Redistricting
98
5
MAXIMIZING DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION CONFLICT
99
2
JOINTLY MAXIMIZING DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION
101
2
The Minimal Aggregate Effect of Racial Redistricting on Black Substantive Representation in the 1980s
103
1
The Negative Aggregate Effect of Racial Redistricting on Black Substantive Representation in the 1990s
104
10
TWO CONTRASTING CASES: ALABAMA AND NORTH CAROLINA
104
5
AGGREGATE NATIONAL EFFECT OF RACIAL REDISTRICTING
109
2
RACIAL REDISTRICTING CAUSED THE DEMOCRATS TO LOSE SEATS
111
3
Racial Redistricting and Public Policy
114
5
USING THE POOLE-ROSENTHAL SCORES TO PREDICT ROLL-CALL VOTES
115
2
RACIAL REDISTRICTING CHANGES ROLL-CALL VOTE OUTCOMES TO THE DETRIMENT OF BLACK INTERESTS
117
2
Conclusion
119
1
SEVEN The Outlook for the Future
120
135
Implications of Recent Court Cases
124
11
NOTES
135
12
REFERENCES
147
8
INDEX
155