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Tables of Contents for Galactic Astronomy
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xii
1 Galaxies: an overview
1
25
1.1 Introduction
1
1
1.2 A brief history of galactic astronomy
2
24
Photometric models of the Milky Way
5
5
The nature of the spiral nebulae
10
5
Kinematic models of the Milky Way
15
5
Stellar populations
20
1
More recent developments
21
5
2 Astronomical Measurements
26
50
2.1 Positions, motions and coordinate systems
27
11
The equatorial system
27
3
Galactic coordinates
30
1
Parallax
31
3
Proper motions
34
1
Precession and nutation
35
2
Astrometric systems
37
1
2.2 Distances determined from velocities
38
8
Radial velocities
39
1
Distances from the moving-cluster method
40
2
Secular parallaxes
42
3
Statistical parallaxes
45
1
2.3 Magnitudes and colors
46
16
Apparent magnitudes
47
5
Colors
52
4
Absolute magnitudes
56
2
Absolute energy distributions and bolometric magnitudes
58
2
Mass-to-light ratios
60
1
Surface brightness and isophotal radii
61
1
2.4 Gravitational lensing
62
5
2.5 Archival data and catalogs
67
7
On-line resources
71
3
Problems
74
2
3 The Properties of Stars
76
69
3.1 The masses of stars
76
6
The Mass of the Sun
77
1
Masses of binary stars
78
1
Visual binaries
78
1
Spectroscopic binaries
79
3
3.2 The radii of stars
82
5
Phase interferometry
82
1
Intensity interferometry
83
1
Speckle interferometry
83
1
Lunar occultations
84
1
Eclipsing binaries
84
2
Astrophysical estimates
86
1
3.3 Classification of stars
87
7
Novae
87
1
Pulsars
87
1
Classification of stellar spectra
88
2
The MK System
90
4
3.4 Physical interpretation of stellar spectra
94
8
3.5 Color-magnitude diagrams
102
7
Observed CM-diagrams
103
1
Luminosity and color as functions of spectral class
104
5
The physical properties of stars on the MS and RGB
109
1
3.6 The stellar luminosity function
109
22
Malmquist bias
111
4
Lutz-Kelkar Bias
115
4
The general luminosity function
119
1
Cluster luminosity functions
119
1
Photometrically complete surveys
119
1
Proper-motion selected surveys
120
7
The luminosity function of a given MK spectral class
127
3
Catalogs of the nearby stars
130
1
3.7 Interstellar dust
131
12
Extinction and reddening
133
5
Reddening-free indices
138
2
Polarization of starlight by dust
140
1
Extinction of sight-lines out of the Galaxy
140
3
Problems
143
2
4 Morphology of Galaxies
145
113
4.1 Morphological classification of galaxies
146
26
The Hubble sequence
149
8
Effects of environment
157
5
The galaxy luminosity function
162
1
The field galaxy luminosity function
162
3
The cluster galaxy luminosity function
165
2
The luminosity function divided by morphological type
167
2
The Local Group
169
3
4.2 Surface Photometry of Galaxies
172
13
The night sky
173
3
Effect of seeing
176
3
Deprojecting galaxy images
179
6
4.3 Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies
185
25
Radial surface-brightness profiles of elliptical galaxies
185
1
cD galaxies
186
4
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
190
1
Centers of elliptical galaxies
191
2
Color and line-strength gradients in elliptical galaxies
193
1
Shapes of elliptical galaxies
194
1
Ellipticity
194
5
Deviations from ellipses
199
2
Fine structure
201
3
Correlations among global parameters of elliptical galaxies
204
5
The D(n) - theta (0) correlation
209
1
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
209
1
4.4 Photometry of Disk Galaxies
210
25
Photometric effects of dust
211
1
Overall shapes of disk galaxies
212
2
Bulge-disk decomposition
214
8
Shapes of bulges
222
1
Color and metallicity gradients in disk galaxies
223
1
Spiral structure in disk galaxies
224
4
Barried galaxies
228
3
Vertical structure of bars
231
2
Rings in SB galaxies
233
1
Dust lanes in SB galaxies
234
1
Lop-sidedness in SB galaxies
234
1
4.5 Globular cluster systems
235
6
Globular cluster luminosity function
236
1
Specific frequency of globular clusters
237
1
Radial density profiles and shapes
238
1
Color distributions
239
2
4.6 Abnormal galaxies
241
14
Starbursting systems
241
3
Systems with active galactic nuclei
244
6
Host galaxies of AGN
250
1
The unified model of AGN
251
4
Problems
255
3
5 Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations
258
69
5.1 Stellar evolution and the CM diagram
259
37
Placing models in the CM diagram
262
1
Features in the CM diagram
263
4
Characteristic initial masses
267
7
Bounding curves in the CM diagram
274
2
Dependence of CM diagrams upon metallicity
276
3
The cosmic helium abundance
279
1
Simple numerical relations
279
2
Star formation
281
2
The initial mass function
283
4
Pulsating stars
287
2
Classical Cepheid variables
289
3
Mira variables
292
1
W Virginis stars
293
1
RR Lyrae stars
293
3
5.2 Synthesis of the chemical elements
296
10
Basic nuclear physics
296
5
Metal production at M(i) is less than M(up)
301
1
Supernovate
302
1
Metal production by core-collapse supernovae
303
2
Metal production by type Ia supernovae
305
1
5.3 Models of chemical enrichment
306
8
The closed-box model
306
2
The leaky-box model
308
5
The accreting-box model
313
1
5.4 Evolution of stellar populations
314
10
Analytical results
315
2
Numerical models of populations evolution
317
7
Problems
324
3
6 Star clusters
327
67
6.1 Globular clusters
327
50
Globular cluster steller photometry
332
2
Color-magnitude diagrams
334
1
The main sequence and subgiant branch
335
2
The horizontal branch
337
2
Comparison with Theoretical CM diagrams
339
5
Globular cluster ages
344
1
Turnoff point ages
344
1
Isochrone fitting
345
1
The delta V method
346
1
The Delta (B - V) method
347
1
Comparison with the age of the Universe
348
1
Variations in age
349
1
Metallicities of globular clusters
350
1
Omega cen
351
1
The third parameter problem
352
1
Variations in helium abundance
353
1
Variations in other element abundances
353
1
Other candidates
354
1
Luminosity functions
354
5
Binary stars
359
2
Stellar remnants
361
1
White dwarfs
361
1
Neutron stars
362
1
Radial profiles
363
2
Large-scale properties
365
2
Luminosity segregation
367
2
Central cusps
369
2
Kinematics
371
3
Velocities of individual stars
371
3
Integrated-light kinematics
374
1
Proper motions
375
2
6.2 Open clusters
377
15
Color-magnitude diagrams
381
3
The ages and demise of open clusters
384
2
Structure and kinematics
386
3
Luminosity function
389
3
Problems
392
2
7 The Cosmic Distance Scale
394
57
7.1 An introduction to cosmology
396
3
7.2 Absolute distance estimators
399
15
The Baade-Wesselink method
399
3
Application to supernovae
402
1
The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
403
2
Distances from time delays
405
1
The ring around Supernova 1987A
406
1
Gravitational lens time delays
407
3
Water-master proper-motions by VLBI
410
4
7.3 Relative distance estimators
414
15
Luminosities of variable stars
415
1
Luminosity functions
415
1
Globular clusters
416
1
Planetary nebulae
417
2
Novae and supernovae
419
1
Novae
419
1
Type Ia supernovae
420
2
Distances from galaxy kinematics
422
1
Spiral galaxies
422
3
Elliptical galaxies
425
1
Surface brightness fluctuations
426
3
7.4 Results
429
20
Distance within the Local Group
432
1
Distance to the Galactic center
432
2
Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud
434
1
Distance to M31
435
2
Distance beyond the Local Group
437
1
Distance to the Virgo Cluster
437
2
Peculiar velocity field
439
2
The asymptotic Hubble constant
441
3
The deceleration parameter and cosmic density
444
1
Standard candles and rulers
444
3
Peculiar velocity field
447
2
Problems
449
2
8 The Interstellar Media of Galaxies
451
84
8.1 How interstellar matter is detected
452
36
Absorption of starlight
452
7
Extreme UV and X-ray observations
459
4
Optical emission lines
463
1
Hydrogen lines
463
1
Metal lines
464
4
Radio observations
468
3
The 21-cm line of atomic hydrogen
471
3
Rotation transitions of heteronuclear molecules
474
4
Synchrotron radiation
478
2
Radio-frequency bremsstrahlung and recombination lines
480
1
Dispersion and Rotation Measures
481
1
Gamma-ray emission
482
1
Radiation by dust
483
5
8.2 The ISM in Disk Galaxies
488
37
Global measures
493
1
HI and H(2) in disk galaxies
493
3
Radio-continuum and IR luminosities
496
2
Radial density profiles
498
2
Azimuthal distributions
500
1
Bars and oval distortions
500
1
Spiral structure
500
2
Lop-sidedness
502
3
Velocity fields of disks
505
2
Circular-speed curves
507
3
Kinematic warps
510
2
Oval distortions
512
1
So galaxies
513
3
Metallicities of disk galaxies
516
4
Magnetic fields
520
2
Star formation in disk galaxies
522
3
8.3 The ISM in elliptical galaxies
525
5
X-ray emitting plasma
525
2
Cool gas in ellipticals
527
5
8.4 Intergalactic gas
530
3
The Magellanic Stream
530
3
Problems
533
2
9 The Milky Way's ISM
535
71
9.1 The kinematics of differential rotation
536
13
The naive (l,v) plot
536
4
Radii and distances from the (l,v) plot
540
1
Non-circular motion and the (l,v) plot
541
1
Axisymmetric expansion
541
1
Oval distortions
542
2
Spiral structure
544
2
Random motions
546
3
9.2 The large-scale distribution of HI and CO
549
21
The 21-cm line in emission
549
4
Measuring the spin temperature
553
1
CO lines in emission
554
1
The Milky Way's circular-speed curve
555
4
Radial distributions of HI and CO
559
2
Evidence for spiral structure
561
1
Vertical distributions of HI and CO
562
1
The middle disk
563
2
The outer disk
565
5
9.3 Other tracers of the ISM
570
10
Diffuse infrared emission
570
4
Pulsars and the Galactic magnetic field
574
2
Diffuse H Alpha radiation
576
1
Diffuse synchrotron and Gamma-radiations
577
2
Diffuse X-rays
579
1
9.4 The central disk
580
14
21-cm observations
580
6
Observations in lines of CO and CS
586
2
A dynamical model of the central disk
588
6
9.5 The nucleus
594
3
9.6 Small-scale structure of the ISM
597
6
Molecular gas in the Galaxy
598
3
X from virial masses
601
1
X from Gamma-rays
601
1
X from A(V)
602
1
Problems
603
3
10 Components of the Milky Way
606
87
10.1 Gross Structure from Surface Photometry
609
7
The Galaxy at optical wavelengths
614
2
10.2 The bulge
616
8
Integrated surface photometry
616
3
Evidence for a bar from individual stars
619
2
Age and metallicity of the bulge
621
1
Bulge kinematics
622
2
10.3 Kinematics of stars near the Sun
624
19
The solar motion
624
5
Random velocities of stars
629
1
Vertex deviation
630
2
The Schwarzchild distribution
632
2
Star streams
634
2
Causes of vertex deviation
636
1
The Oort constants
637
4
Estimating the Oort constants
641
2
10.4 The structure of the stellar disk
643
23
Ages and metallicities of nearby stars
643
1
Correlations between abundances
643
1
Correlations between age and abundance
644
7
The old disk clusters
651
1
Stars counts and the thick disk
651
3
The thick disk
654
2
The local mass density of the disk
656
8
Distribution of the youngest stars
664
2
10.5 The halo
666
12
The globular cluster system
666
4
Field halo stars
670
3
Kinematically selected samples
673
5
10.6 Galaxy models
678
6
The local circular speed
679
1
Mass models
680
2
Starcount models
682
1
Kinematic models
683
1
Dynamical models
683
1
10.7 Formation and evolution of the Milky Way
684
6
Formation scenarios
684
4
Models of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
688
1
Chemical evolution of the halo
688
1
Pre-enrichment
688
2
Problems
690
3
11 Stellar Kinematics in External Galaxies
693
39
11.1 Measuring the kinematics of external galaxies
694
13
Mean velocities and velocity dispersion
697
3
Analysis of line profiles
700
5
Position-velocity diagrams and data cubes
705
2
11.2 The stellar kinematics of elliptical galaxies
707
15
Large-scale properties
707
1
Major-axis kinematics
707
5
Detection of dark halos
712
1
Kinematic mapping
713
3
Core properties
716
1
Decoupled cores
716
1
Detection of central black holes
717
5
11.3 The stellar kinematics of disk galaxies
722
8
Bulge kinematics
723
1
Disk kinematics
724
1
Rotational motion
725
2
Random motions
727
3
Problems
730
2
Appendices
732
13
A Gravitational deflection of light
732
4
B Important astronomical catalogs
736
7
C Richardson-Lucy deconvolution
743
1
D Useful numbers
744
1
References
745
32
Index
777