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Tables of Contents for Chemistry
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
To the Professor
xv
6
To the Student
xxi
2
About the Author
xxiii
Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations
1
38
1.1 Chemistry: An Overview
2
2
1.2 The Scientific Method
4
2
1.3 Units of Measurement
6
4
Chemical Impact Observations, Theories, and the Planets
7
3
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement
10
3
1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations
13
4
1.6 Dimensional Analysis
17
4
1.7 Temperature
21
4
1.8 Density
25
1
1.9 Classification of Matter
26
4
Summary
30
1
Key Terms
31
1
Questions and Exercises
32
7
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
39
40
2.1 The Early History of Chemistry
40
1
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws
41
4
2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory
45
2
2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
47
5
Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon
48
4
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
52
2
2.6 Molecules and Ions
54
3
2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
57
2
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
59
11
Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon
63
7
Summary
70
1
Key Terms
71
2
Questions and Exercises
73
6
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry
79
54
3.1 Atomic Masses
80
3
3.2 The Mole
83
4
Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers
85
2
3.3 Molar Mass
87
4
Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules or Making Elephants Fly
88
3
3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds
91
2
3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound
93
7
3.6 Chemical Equations
100
2
3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations
102
5
3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
107
5
Chemical Impact Sulfuric Acid: The Most Important Chemical
109
3
3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
112
10
Summary
122
1
Key Terms
123
1
Questions and Exercises
124
9
Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
133
54
4.1 Water, the Common Solvent
134
2
4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions. Strong and Weak Electrolytes
136
5
Chemical Impact Arrhenius, a Man with Solutions
140
1
4.3 The Composition of Solutions
141
7
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
148
1
4.5 Precipitation Reactions
148
5
4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution
153
2
4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
155
2
4.8 Acid-Base Reactions
157
7
4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
164
7
Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution
166
5
4.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
171
7
Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation?
172
6
Summary
178
1
Key Terms
179
1
Questions and Exercises
180
7
Chapter 5 Gases
187
52
5.1 Pressure
188
2
5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
190
6
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
196
5
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry
201
4
5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
205
5
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags
207
3
Chemical Impact Scuba Diving
210
1
5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
210
8
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion
218
2
5.8 Real Gases
220
4
5.9 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
224
4
Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem
226
2
Summary
228
1
Key Terms
229
1
Questions and Exercises
230
9
Chapter 6 Thermochemistry
239
48
6.1 The Nature of Energy
240
6
6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry
246
8
Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science?
252
2
6.3 Hess's Law
254
3
6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
257
8
6.5 Present Sources of Energy
265
5
Chemical Impact Sulfur-Eating Bacteria Clean Up Coal
269
1
6.6 New Energy Sources
270
7
Chemical Impact Heat Packs
275
1
Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants
276
1
Summary
277
1
Key Terms
278
1
Questions and Exercises
279
8
Chapter 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity
287
56
7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
288
2
Chemical Impact Flies that Dye
289
1
7.2 The Nature of Matter
290
5
Chemical Impact Solar Polar Bears
291
4
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
295
2
7.4 The Bohr Model
297
5
Chemical Impact Fireworks
300
2
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
302
3
7.6 Quantum Numbers
305
2
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies
307
1
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
308
2
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms
310
2
7.10 The History of the Periodic Table
312
2
7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table
314
8
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
322
6
7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals
328
5
Chemical Impact Lithium: Behavior Medicine
332
1
Summary
333
1
Key Terms
334
1
Questions and Exercises
335
8
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts
343
64
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
344
3
8.2 Electronegativity
347
2
8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
349
4
8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes
353
4
8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
357
5
8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
362
1
8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model
363
3
8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
366
4
8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model
370
1
8.10 Lewis Structures
370
4
8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
374
4
8.12 Resonance
378
6
8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
384
12
Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals
394
2
Summary
396
1
Key Terms
397
1
Questions and Exercises
398
9
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
407
36
9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
407
13
9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model
420
4
9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
424
6
9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
430
2
9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models
432
2
Summary
434
1
Key Terms
435
1
Questions and Exercises
436
7
Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids
443
62
10.1 Intermolecular Forces
444
4
10.2 The Liquid State
448
2
10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids
450
5
10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals
455
7
Chemical Impact Superconductivity
460
2
10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids
462
6
10.6 Molecular Solids
468
2
Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers
470
1
10.7 Ionic Solids
470
4
10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
474
8
10.9 Phase Diagrams
482
10
Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature
488
1
Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits
489
1
Chemical Impact Diamonds--A Computer's Best Friend?
490
2
Summary
492
2
Key Terms
494
1
Questions and Exercises
494
11
Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions
505
44
11.1 Solution Composition
506
4
Chemical Impact An Energy Solution
508
2
11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation
510
5
Chemical Impact Miracle Solvents
514
1
11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
515
5
Chemical Impact Hydrogen Beer
517
1
Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy
518
2
11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
520
7
11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
527
4
11.6 Osmotic Pressure
531
5
11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
536
1
11.8 Colloids
537
3
Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation
538
2
Summary
540
1
Key Terms
541
1
Questions and Exercises
542
7
Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics
549
55
12.1 Reaction Rates
551
3
12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction
554
3
12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law
557
4
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law
561
11
12.5 Rate Laws: A Summary
572
1
12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
573
3
12.7 A Model for Chemical Kinetics
576
6
12.8 Catalysis
582
7
Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers?
585
1
Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts
586
3
Summary
589
2
Key Terms
591
1
Questions and Exercises
591
10
Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium
601
46
13.1 The Equilibrium Condition
602
3
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant
605
5
13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
610
3
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
613
2
13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
615
10
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems
625
5
13.7 Le Chatelier's Principle
630
7
Summary
637
1
Key Terms
638
1
Questions and Exercises
639
8
Chapter 14 Acids and Bases
647
60
14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases
648
2
14.2 Acid Strength
650
6
14.3 The pH Scale
656
2
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
658
2
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
660
10
Chemical Impact Household Chemistry
667
3
14.6 Bases
670
6
Chemical Impact Amines
673
3
14.7 Polyprotic Acids
676
7
14.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
683
6
14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties
689
2
14.10 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides
691
1
14.11 The Lewis Acid-Base Model
692
3
Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper
693
2
14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary
695
1
Summary
696
2
Key Terms
698
1
Questions and Exercises
699
8
Chapter 15 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria
707
70
Acid-Base Equilibria
708
36
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
708
2
15.2 Buffered Solutions
710
10
15.3 Buffer Capacity
720
4
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves
724
15
15.5 Acid-Base Indicators
739
5
Solubility Equilibria
744
16
15.6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
744
10
15.7 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis
754
6
Complex Ion Equilibria
760
7
15.8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
760
7
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth
766
1
Summary
767
1
Key Terms
768
1
Questions and Exercises
769
8
Chapter 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
777
44
16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
779
5
16.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
784
1
16.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
785
3
16.4 Free Energy
788
3
16.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
791
4
16.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
795
5
16.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
800
4
16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium
804
4
16.9 Free Energy and Work
808
3
Summary
811
1
Key Terms
812
1
Questions and Exercises
813
8
Chapter 17 Electrochemistry
821
50
17.1 Galvanic Cells
822
2
17.2 Standard Reduction Potentials
824
7
17.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy
831
4
17.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
835
6
17.5 Batteries
841
2
17.6 Corrosion
843
4
Chemical Impact Refurbishing the Lady
846
1
Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust--Completely
847
1
17.7 Electrolysis
847
6
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure
852
1
17.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes
853
7
Chemical Impact Batteries of the Future
856
4
Summary
860
2
Key Terms
862
1
Questions and Exercises
863
8
Chapter 18 The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A
871
26
18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements
872
5
18.2 The Group 1A Elements
877
3
18.3 Hydrogen
880
2
18.4 The Group 2A Elements
882
3
18.5 The Group 3A Elements
885
2
18.6 The Group 4A Elements
887
4
Chemical Impact Concrete Learning
889
2
Summary
891
1
Key Terms
892
1
Questions and Exercises
892
5
Chapter 19 The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A
897
44
19.1 The Group 5A Elements
898
1
19.2 The Chemistry of Nitrogen
899
13
Chemical Impact A Blanket of Nitrogen
905
5
Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas that Propels Whipped Cream and Cars
910
2
19.3 The Chemistry of Phosphorus
912
3
19.4 The Group 6A Elements
915
1
19.5 The Chemistry of Oxygen
916
2
19.6 The Chemistry of Sulfur
918
5
19.7 The Group 7A Elements
923
8
Chemical Impact Photography
924
6
Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses
930
1
19.8 The Group 8A Elements
931
2
Summary
933
1
Key Terms
934
1
Questions and Exercises
935
6
Chapter 20 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
941
54
20.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey
942
6
20.2 The First-Row Transition Metals
948
6
Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles
950
4
20.3 Coordination Compounds
954
5
Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist
958
1
20.4 Isomerism
959
6
Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis
962
3
20.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model
965
2
20.6 The Crystal Field Model
967
7
Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems
972
2
20.7 The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes
974
4
20.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production
978
8
Summary
986
2
Key Terms
988
1
Questions and Exercises
989
6
Chapter 21 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View
995
38
21.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
996
5
21.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
1001
4
Chemical Impact Stellar Nucleosynthesis
1005
1
21.3 Nuclear Transformations
1005
2
21.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
1007
4
21.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus
1011
4
21.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
1015
7
Chemical Impact Nuclear Power: Could It Stage a Comeback?
1019
1
Chemical Impact Nuclear Waste Disposal
1020
2
21.7 Effects of Radiation
1022
4
Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction
1024
2
Summary
1026
1
Key Terms
1027
1
Questions and Exercises
1027
6
Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry
1033
52
22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
1034
8
22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes
1042
4
22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1046
2
22.4 The Petrochemical Industry
1048
4
22.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
1052
6
22.6 Polymers
1058
4
22.7 The Polymer Industry
1062
11
Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers
1065
7
Chemical Impact The Mechanism of Methane Combustion
1072
1
Chemical Impact Plastic that Talks and Listens
1073
1
Summary
1073
2
Key Terms
1075
1
Questions and Exercises
1075
10
Chapter 23 Biochemistry
1085
23.1 Proteins
1087
10
23.2 Carbohydrates
1097
5
23.3 Nucleic Acids
1102
5
23.4 Lipids
1107
6
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Vision
1112
1
Summary
1113
1
Key Terms
1114
1
Questions and Exercises
1115
Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures
A1
12
A1.1 Exponential Notation
A1
3
A1.2 Logarithms
A4
2
A1.3 Graphing Functions
A6
2
A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations
A8
2
A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements
A10
3
Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model
A13
4
Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis
A17
4
Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data
A21
3
Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials
A24
3
A5.1 Values of K(a) for Some Common Monoprotic Acids
A24
1
A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids
A24
1
A5.3 Values of K(b) for Some Common Weak Bases
A25
1
A5.4 K(sp) Values at 25(Degree)C for Common Ionic Solids
A25
1
A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25(Degree)C (298 K) for Many Common Half-Reactions
A26
1
Glossary
A27
14
Answers to Selected Exercises
A41
26
Photo Credits
A67
2
Index
A69