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Tables of Contents for Juvenile Justice + Infotrac + Access Code
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword,
xxi
Preface,
xxiii
PART I Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System
1 Separate Justice: Philosophical and Historical Roots of the Juvenile Justice System,
1
41
Introduction,
2
1
Social Control in Early Societies,
2
2
Developments in England,
4
3
The Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500),
4
1
The Feudal Period,
4
1
The Renaissance,
5
1
The Reform Movement,
6
1
The Development of Juvenile Justice in the United States,
7
1
The Puritan Period (1646-1824),
7
2
Highlights of the Puritan Period Reform,
9
1
Refuge Period (1824-1899),
9
1
Houses of Refuge,
9
5
Reform Schools,
11
1
Foster Homes,
11
1
The Child Savers,
11
1
Other Developments during the Refuge Period,
12
1
Highlights of the Refuge Period Reform,
13
1
The Juvenile Court Period (1899-1960),
14
7
The 1899 Juvenile Court Act,
14
4
Early Efforts at Diversion: The Chicago Boy's Court and Youth Counsel Bureau, l
l8
Federal Government Concern and Involvement,
18
2
Highlights of Juvenile Court Period Reform,
20
1
The Juvenile Rights Period (1960-1980),
21
12
The Four D's of Juvenile Justice,
22
1
The Kent Decision,
22
1
The Gault Decision,
23
1
The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice,
24
1
Youth Service Bureaus,
25
1
The Uniform Juvenile Court Act,
26
1
The White House Conference on Youth,
27
1
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act,
28
1
A Return to Due Process Issues: Other Landmark Cases,
29
2
The Issue of Right to Treatment,
31
1
Decriminalization of Status Offenses,
31
1
Development of Standards for Juvenile Justice,
32
1
Highlights of juvenile Rights Period Reform,
33
1
The Crime Control Period (1980-Present),
33
3
Schall v, Martin (1984) and Preventive Detention,
35
1
The Evolution of Child, Parent and State Relationships,
36
1
Still Evolving,
36
2
Summary,
38
2
Discussion Questions,
40
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
40
1
Internet Assignments,
40
1
References,
40
1
Cases Cited,
41
1
2 The Theories behind the Evolution of the Contemporary Juvenile Justice Process,
42
29
Introduction,
43
1
Justice,
44
1
Justice and the Law,
45
1
Purposes of Law,
46
3
Consensus Theory,
46
2
Conflict Theory,
48
1
Contemporary Perspectives on Justice and Punishment,
49
1
Two Competing World Views,
49
3
The Classical World View,
49
2
The Positivist World View,
51
1
Causes of Crime and Delinquency: An Overview,
52
9
Biological Theories,
52
2
Psychological Theories,
54
1
Sociological Theories,
55
4
Critical Theories,
59
1
Conclusion,
60
1
The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System Structure and Process,
61
5
The Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems Compared,
61
1
Caseflow through the Juvenile Justice System,
61
4
The Justice System and Community Policing,
65
1
The Complexity of the Juvenile Justice System,
66
1
Summary,
67
2
Discussion Questions,
69
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
69
1
Internet Assignments,
69
1
References,
69
1
Helpful Resource,
70
1
PART II Our Nation's Youths: A Challenge to the Justice System
3 Growth and Development: The First 18 Years,
71
36
Introduction,
72
2
Youths, Parens Patriae and the Juvenile Court's Jurisdiction,
74
1
Child Development -A Brief Overview,
75
4
The Critical First Three Years,
75
1
The Next 10 Years,
76
3
Children Living in Poverty,
79
1
Homelessness,
80
1
Victims of Lead Poisoning,
80
1
Children with Special Needs,
80
2
Emotionally/Behaviorally Disturbed Children,
81
1
Youths with, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,
81
1
Youths with Learning Disabilities,
81
1
Youths Exposed to Drugs, Alcohol or HIV Prenatally,
82
1
Adolescence,
82
5
The Influence of Early Work Experiences and Delinquency,
85
1
Youths Who Abuse Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drugs,
86
1
Teen Pregnancy,
86
1
The Influence of Family,
87
5
The Family as the First Teacher,
88
1
American Child-Rearing Rights and Parenting Practices,
89
1
Socialization,
90
1
Values,
90
1
Family-Related Risk Factors and the Disintegration of the Traditional Family,
90
1
Family Size and Sibling Influence,
91
1
Children Facing Special Challenges,
91
1
The Influence of the School,
92
8
Origins of U.S. Public Schools,
93
1
The Current Focus of Schools,
93
1
Values and the School,
93
1
The Importance of Success in School,
94
1
How Schools Promote Failure,
94
1
Student Response to Failure,
95
1
The Link between Delinquency and the Schools,
96
1
Problems Facing Schools,
96
2
Schools' Responses,
98
1
Students' Rights within the School,
99
1
The Influence of the Community,
100
1
Full-Service Community Schools,
101
1
Summary,
102
1
Discussion Questions,
103
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
103
1
Internet Assignments,
104
1
References,
104
1
Cases Cited,
105
2
4 Neglected, Abused, Victimized and Missing Children and Youths,
,106
Introduction,
107
1
Defining Child Maltreatment and Rating Its Severity,
108
1
Neglected Children,
109
1
Indicators of Neglect,
110
1
Physically or Emotionally Abused Children,
110
8
Historical Roots of Abuse,
111
1
Child Abuse and Neglect Laws,
112
1
The Causes of Abuse,
113
1
Indicators of Physical Abuse,
114
1
Indicators of Emotional Abuse,
115
1
The Seriousness of the Problem,
115
1
Three Levels of Abuse,
116
1
Child Abuse and the Link with Delinquency,
117
1
Sexually Harassed or Abused Children,
118
4
Indicators of Sexual Abuse,
119
1
The Consequences of Being Sexually Abused,
119
1
Sexual Abuse and the Internet,
120
1
Cultural Values and Sexual Abuse,
120
1
The Issue of Credibility,
121
1
Ritualistic Abuse by Satanic Cults,
122
1
Children and Youths as Victims of Crime and Violence,
122
4
Victimization and Routine Activity Theory,
123
1
Witnessing Violence,
123
1
Domestic Violence,
124
1
The Cycle of Violence,
124
2
Missing and Exploited Children,
126
7
Missing Benign Explanation,
128
1
Missing Involuntary, Lost or Injured,
128
1
Runaway/Thrownaway,
129
2
Nonfamily Abduction,
131
1
Stereotypical Kidnapping,
131
1
Family Abduction,
131
1
Responsibility for Investigating Missing and Exploited Children,
132
1
Youths and Suicide,
133
1
Summary,
134
1
Discussion Questions,
134
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
135
1
Internet Assignments,
135
1
References,
135
2
Cases Cited,
137
1
5 Status Offenders and Nonviolent Delinquents,
138
28
Introduction,
139
1
Measuring the Number of Juvenile Offenses Committed,
139
2
Official Data,
139
1
Self-Reports,
140
1
Victimization Data,
141
1
Status Offenders,
141
6
Running Away,
141
1
Truancy,
142
1
Curfew Violations,
142
1
Early Substance Use,
143
3
The Decline in Arrests for Status Offenses,
146
1
Other Problem Behaviors,
146
1
A Key Issue,
147
1
Juvenile Delinquents,
147
8
Profile of Delinquency,
147
1
Juvenile Arrest Statistics and Delinquency Rates,
148
5
Vandalism,
153
1
Burglary,
154
1
Arson,
154
1
Larceny-Theft,
154
1
Motor Vehicle Theft,
155
1
The Decline in Arrests of Juveniles for Property Crimes,
155
1
A Brief Recap of the Causes of Delinquency,
155
3
Developmental Pathways,
158
4
At-Risk Behaviors and Circumstances,
162
1
Summary,
162
2
Discussion Questions,
164
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
164
1
Internet Assignments,
164
1
References,
164
1
Helpful Resource,
165
1
6 Serious, Chronic and Violent Juvenile Offenders,
166
42
Introduction,
167
1
Definitions,
168
1
Chronic Juvenile Offenders,
168
1
Risk Factors,
169
1
Violent Juvenile Offenders,
169
4
Serious Child Delinquency,
170
1
Violent Adolescent Females,
170
1
Predictors of Youth Violence,
171
1
Myths about Youth Violence,
172
1
Antisocial Personality Disorders,
173
3
Psychopathic/Sociopathic Behavior,
173
2
Conduct Disorders,
175
1
Guns and Juveniles,
176
2
Violent Juvenile Crime,
178
5
Murder,
179
1
Forcible Rape,
179
3
Robbery,
182
1
Aggravated Assault,
182
1
The Decline in Juvenile Arrests for Violent Index Crimes,
182
1
School Crime and Violence,
183
3
Bullying,
184
1
School Shootings,
185
1
Gang Violence,
186
14
Definitions,
187
1
Illegal Activity,
188
1
Causes of Gangs and Why Youths Join Them,
188
6
Precursors to Gang Membership,
194
1
Types of Gangs,
194
3
Gang Structure-Leadership and Organization,
197
1
Gang Myths,
198
2
The Public Health Model and the Juvenile Justice Perspective,
200
1
Analyzing and Organizing Risk Factors for Violent Behavior,
201
2
Violence and the Media,
203
1
Summary,
203
1
Discussion Questions,
204
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
204
1
Internet Assignments,
205
1
References,
205
2
Helpful Resource,
207
1
PART III The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
7 The Law Enforcement Response to Abused and Neglected Children and Status Offenders,
208
38
Introduction,
209
1
Neglected and Abused Children,
209
3
Challenges to Investigation,
210
1
Sample Protocol,
211
1
Improving the Law Enforcement Response to Child Abuse/Neglect,
212
1
Missing Children: Runaway or Abducted?,
212
1
Parental Abductions,
213
2
Resources Available,
214
1
Police Dispositions of Status Offenders,
215
10
Police Discretion and the Initial Contact,
215
1
Taken into Custody,
216
4
The Juvenile Holdover,
220
2
Detention,
222
2
Intake,
224
1
Prosecution,
224
1
Overrepresentation Issues,
225
1
Status Offenders,
225
8
Curfew Violations and Loitering,
225
1
Truants,
226
2
Disorderly Youths in Public Places,
228
1
Runaways,
228
1
Underage Drinking,
229
2
Juveniles and Drug Use,
231
2
Police as Mentors to Troubled Youths,
233
1
Prevention Strategies,
234
5
Early Efforts at Delinquency Prevention,
234
1
Evolution of Prevention Programs,
234
1
Police-School Liaison Program to School Resource Officers (SROs),
235
1
Goals of School Resource Officer Programs,
236
3
The Importance of Teachers in Delinquency Prevention Programs, 239
Other Programs,
239
1
The Officer on the Street and Youths' Attitudes,
239
2
Coordination of Efforts and Community Policing,
241
1
Responding to a Changing Society,
242
1
Summary,
242
1
Discussion Questions,
243
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
243
1
Internet Assignments,
244
1
References,
244
2
8 The Law Enforcement Response to Violent Juvenile Offenders,
246
46
Introduction,
247
1
Guns and Youths,
247
4
The Boston Gun Project, Operation Ceasefire,
247
2
Directed Patrol,
249
1
Youth Firearms Violence Initiative,
250
1
Project Safe Neighborhoods,
251
1
Violent Juvenile Crime,
251
4
Fingerprinting and Photographing Juveniles,
253
1
A Comprehensive Approach,
254
1
School Crime and Violence,
255
13
Bullying,
255
1
School Shooters,
256
2
In Search of Safer Schools,
258
7
Community Policing and School Violence,
265
1
The South Euclid School Bullying Project,
265
3
Law Enforcement's Response to Gangs,
268
20
The Importance of Definitions,
268
1
Recognizing a Gang Problem,
268
1
Identifying Gang Members,
268
6
Domain Identification,
274
1
Gangs in Schools,
274
2
Gangs and Drugs,
276
1
Investigating Gangs' Illegal Activities,
277
1
Obtaining and Recording Information,
277
2
Educational Approaches to the Gang Problem,
279
1
Efforts to Address Existing Gang Problems,
280
7
Gangs and Community Policing,
287
1
When to Start?,
287
1
Prosecution,
287
1
Summary,
288
1
Discussion Questions,
288
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
289
1
Internet Assignments,
289
1
References,
289
2
Useful Resource,
291
1
9 The Juvenile Court and Alternatives at Intake,
292
40
Introduction,
293
1
Basic Philosophy of Juvenile Court,
293
3
Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARD) Clauses,
294
1
Standard Juvenile Court Act Clauses,
294
1
Legislative Guide Clauses,
294
1
Clauses Emphasizing Punishment, Deterrence, Accountability and/or Public Safety,
295
1
Clauses with Traditional Child Welfare Emphasis,
295
1
The Justice Model vs. the Welfare Model,
295
1
Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court,
296
3
Factors Determining Jurisdiction,
296
2
Other Cases within Juvenile Court Jurisdiction,
298
1
Offenses Excluded from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction,
298
1
Venue and Transfer,
299
1
Types of Juvenile Courts,
299
1
Characteristics of the Juvenile Court,
299
1
Court Action for Neglected and Abused Children,
300
2
An Overview of the Juvenile Court Process,
302
3
Custody and Detention,
302
3
Intake,
305
1
Transfer to Criminal Court,
305
8
Exclusion and Concurrent jurisdiction,
306
1
Waiver,
306
2
Certification,
308
3
Reverse Certification,
311
1
Juveniles and Capital Punishment,
311
2
Diversion from Juvenile Court,
313
15
Specialized Courts,
314
7
Forms of Restorative Justice,
321
7
Net Widening,
328
1
Summary,
328
1
Discussion Questions,
329
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
329
1
Internet Assignments,
329
1
References,
330
1
Cases Cited,
331
1
10 The Juvenile Court in Action,
332
30
Introduction,
333
1
Youths Brought before the Juvenile Court,
333
1
Status Offenders,
333
1
Delinquents,
333
1
Processing of Juvenile Cases,
334
2
Petition and Summons,
335
1
The Juvenile Court Team,
336
2
The Rights of Those Being Adjudicated,
338
1
Hearings in Juvenile Court,
339
11
The Conference,
339
1
The Adjudication Hearing,
340
2
The Dispositional Hearing,
342
4
Dispositions,
346
4
Issues Facing Juvenile Courts-Dilemmas and Criticisms,
350
8
The Fundamental Nature of Juvenile Court,
352
1
Criminalization of Juvenile Court,
353
1
Quality of Representation,
354
1
Racism and Discrimination,
355
1
Gender Discrimination,
356
1
Gang Membership-Master Status,
356
1
Confidentiality Issues,
356
2
Proposed Changes to Improve the Juvenile Justice Court System,
358
1
Summary,
359
1
Discussion Questions,
360
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
360
1
Internet Assignments,
361
1
References,
361
1
Cases Cited,
361
1
11 The Response of Corrections,
362
50
Introduction,
363
1
Graduated Sanctions,
364
1
The Right to Treatment,
365
3
Conservative and Liberal Philosophies of Corrections,
366
2
Intermediate Sanctions,
368
1
Probation,
368
7
Supervision,
371
1
The Probation Officer,
371
1
The Current Role of Probation Officers,
371
1
Problems with Probation,
372
2
Privatizing Juvenile Probation Services,
374
1
Community Corrections Model for Probation,
374
1
Drug Testing and Probation,
375
1
Intensive Supervision,
375
2
Community-Based Corrections Programs,
377
3
Community Service,
378
1
Nonresidential Day Treatment Alternatives,
378
1
Nonsecure Residential Programs,
379
1
The Dilemma of Community Programs,
380
1
Detention Facilities,
380
7
Training Schools,
383
1
Electronic Monitoring and Home Detention,
383
1
Boot Camps,
383
4
Institutionalization,
387
15
Juveniles in Public Institutions,
387
1
Juveniles in Private Institutions,
387
3
Social Structure within Correctional Institutions,
390
1
Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC),
391
2
Prison Gangs,
393
1
Conditions of Confinement,
394
1
Improving Conditions,
395
3
Youthful Offender Programs,
398
3
Incarcerated Juvenile Females,
401
1
Juveniles Sentenced to Adult Institutions,
402
2
The Impact of Incarceration,
403
1
Parole,
404
1
Aftercare,
405
3
Examples of Effective Aftercare,
406
2
Summary,
408
1
Discussion Questions,
409
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
409
1
Internet Assignments,
410
1
References,
410
1
Cases Cited,
411
1
12 The Juvenile Justice System's Reliance on the Broader Community,
412
32
Introduction,
413
1
Community Defined,
413
2
Perceptions of Community,
415
1
Community Justice,
415
3
Community Policing,
416
1
Community Prosecution,
417
1
Community Courts,
417
1
Community Corrections,
418
1
The Role of Social Workers and Social Services,
418
2
Current Emphasis,
420
1
Federal Agencies and Programs to Assist Communities,
420
6
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP),
420
4
The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD),
424
1
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
424
2
The International Association of Chiefs of Police, the Child Welfare League of America and the National Children's Alliance Summit,
426
1
The National Children's Advocacy Center,
426
1
Building Blocks for Youth,
426
1
Partnerships between Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Services,
426
1
Partnerships with the Schools,
427
7
The School/Law Enforcement Partnership,
430
1
Teaching Conflict Resolution and Mediation Skills,
430
2
Project ACHIEVE,
432
1
The Career Academy Concept,
432
1
YouthBuild U.S.A.,
433
1
Partnerships of Community Agencies, Businesses and Volunteers,
434
7
Community Partnerships and Volunteers,
437
1
School Activities, Community Service and Delinquency,
438
1
Jobs and Restitution,
439
1
Linked Strategies,
440
1
Summary,
441
1
Discussion Questions,
441
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
442
1
Internet Assignments,
442
1
References,
442
2
PART IV 21st Century Approaches to Delinquency
13 Approaches to Juvenile Crime Prevention,
444
52
Introduction,
445
1
Prevention Defined,
446
1
Classification of Prevention Approaches,
446
2
Prevention vs. Control,
446
1
Three Levels of Delinquency Prevention,
446
2
Preventing Delinquency through Improved Child Protection Services (CPS),
448
3
Delinquency Prevention through Councils,
450
1
Which Youths to Target,
451
1
Prevention and the Public Health Model,
451
1
Prevention as an Attack on Causes,
452
1
Blueprints for Violence Prevention Initiative,
453
2
Preserving Families to Prevent Delinquency,
455
3
Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses,
455
1
The Incredible Years Series,
456
2
Preventing Child Neglect and Abuse,
458
3
Recommendations of the Metropolitan Court Judges Committee,
459
2
Parents Connecting with their Teenagers,
461
1
Programs in the Schools-Blueprints for Violence Prevention,
461
4
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS),
461
1
Bullying Prevention Program,
462
1
Quantum Opportunities Program,
463
1
Life Skills Training,
464
1
Midwestern Prevention Project,
465
1
Other School-Based Programs,
465
9
Coalition for Juvenile Justice,
465
1
Alternative Schools,
466
1
Communities in Schools (CIS),
467
1
The Alternative to Suspension Program (ASP),
467
1
The YouthARTS Development Project,
467
1
Culinary Education and Training Program for At-Risk Youths (CETARY),
467
3
Safe Schools/Healthy Students (SSHS) Program,
470
1
Truancy Reduction: The ACT Now Program,
470
1
Project H.E.L.P: High Expectations Learning Program,
470
1
Programs to Raise Minority Academic Achievement,
471
1
OJJDP Exemplary Programs in the Schools,
472
1
Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs,
473
1
General Delinquency Prevention Programs,
474
3
Bringing Young People into Civic Life,
476
1
After-School Programs,
476
1
Violence Prevention,
477
3
Reducing Gun Violence,
478
2
Drug Prevention Programs,
480
7
DARE,
480
1
The National Commission on Drug-Free Schools,
480
1
National Crime Prevention Council Programs,
481
1
Parents: The Anti-Drug,
482
1
A Reality-Based Approach to Drug Education,
483
1
Promising Practices: Drug-Free Communities Support Program,
483
1
Substance Abuse Prevention Programs for American Indians,
484
1
Drug Testing in Schools,
485
2
Mentoring,
487
1
Juvenile Mentoring Program (JUMP),
487
1
Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBSA),
487
1
Gang Prevention,
488
3
Antigang Programs,
489
2
What Works in Preventing Delinquency and Violence?,
491
1
A Caution Regarding Net Widening,
492
1
Summary,
492
1
Discussion Questions,
493
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
493
1
Internet Assignments,
494
1
References,
494
2
14 Approaches to Treatment,
496
50
Introduction,
497
1
Treatment as Tertiary Prevention,
498
2
Characteristics of Effective Intervention Programs,
500
3
Treatment Programs for Children and Juveniles Who Have Been Abused,
503
5
Treatment Recommendations of the Metropolitan Court Judges Committee,
505
1
Service Recommendations,
505
1
Permanency Recommendations,
506
2
Delinquent Youths Needing Treatment in the Juvenile Justice System,
508
1
The Community Assessment Center Concept,
509
4
Key Elements of the Community Assessment Center,
509
2
Reasons to Develop an Assessment Center,
511
1
Goals of an Assessment Center,
511
1
Potential Problems,
512
1
Diversion Alternatives-Community-Based Treatment Programs,
513
1
Second Chance Camps,
513
1
Collaborative Efforts,
514
1
Operation Night Light,
514
1
The Coordinated Agency Network,
514
1
Exemplary Programs,
515
3
Juvenile Intervention Project, Colorado,
515
1
Juvenile Detention Center, Western Nebraska Juvenile Services,
515
1
Partnership for Learning, Inc., Maryland,
516
1
Fremont County Youth Services, Wyoming,
516
1
Earn-It Project, New Hampshire,
516
1
Juvenile Work Restitution, Alabama,
517
1
Prosocial Gang, New York,
517
1
Sex Offender Assessment, Ohio,
517
1
Study of Serious Juvenile Offenders, Virginia,
517
1
The OJJDP's Guiding Principles for a Comprehensive Strategy,
518
1
Blueprints for Violence Prevention Initiatives Focused on Treatment,
518
4
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care,
519
1
Functional Family Therapy,
520
1
Multisystemic Therapy,
521
1
Targeting Youths at High Risk,
522
17
Treatment for Child Delinquents,
522
2
Treatment for Serious, Repeat Juvenile Offenders,
524
2
Treatment for Truants,
526
1
OJJDP Demonstration Sites,
527
2
Treatment for Youths with Mental Illness,
529
1
Treatment for Drug and Alcohol Abusers,
530
4
Treatment for Juvenile Sex Offenders,
534
3
Treatment for Gang Members,
537
2
Punitive Treatments,
539
1
Resiliency as a Treatment Approach,
539
2
Resilience and Second Chances,
540
1
Summary,
541
2
Discussion Questions,
543
1
InfoTrac College Edition Assignments,
543
1
Internet Assignments,
543
1
References,
544
2
Epilogue Juvenile Justice at the Crossroads-100 Years Later,
546
5
Glossary,
551
14
Index,
565
28
Credits,
593