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Tables of Contents for The Elements of Reasoning
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Orientation
1
4
Basic Assumptions
1
1
Organization
2
1
Using This Book
3
1
Acknowledgments
3
2
1 Recognizing Arguments
5
15
What Is an Argument?
5
2
Three General Considerations
7
1
Recognizing Arguments
8
4
Multiple Conclusions and Complex Arguments
12
3
Exercises
15
5
2 Analyzing Arguments
20
17
Showing the Structure of Arguments
20
4
Strategies of Analysis
24
3
Two Special Problems
27
2
Analyzing a Complex Argument; An Example
29
2
Exercises
31
6
3 Evaluating Arguments
37
23
Deductive Arguments
37
6
Exercises
43
2
Nondeductive Arguments
45
6
Complex Arguments
51
2
Exercises
53
3
Overall Argument Evaluation
56
2
Exercises
58
2
4 Some Valid Argument Forms
60
25
Sentential Form
60
3
Exercises
63
1
Valid Argument Forms
64
4
Two Invalid Argument Forms
68
1
Exercises
69
2
Using the Forms to Show Validity
71
2
Exercises
73
2
Conditionals
75
1
Equivalent Forms
76
3
Exercises
79
2
Using Inference and Equivalence Rules
81
2
Exercises
83
2
5 More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams
85
14
Categorical Statements
85
5
Exercises
90
1
Categorical Syllogisms
91
6
Exercises
97
2
6 Causal Analysis
99
20
Basic Causal Relationships
99
6
Contributing Factors As "Causes"
105
1
Causal Explanations
106
2
Testing Causal Claims
108
5
Experimental Trials
113
2
Exercises
115
4
7 Argument by Analogy and Models
119
14
Analogical Arguments
119
3
Models
122
2
Evaluating Analogical Reasoning
124
2
Exercises
126
7
8 Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies
133
24
Fallacies in Supporting a Claim
133
10
Fallacies of Criticism and Response
143
7
Exercises
150
7
9 Definition
157
14
Definition of Definition
157
1
Two Types of Definition
157
4
Methods of Definition
161
3
Standards of Definition
164
3
Exercises
167
4
10 Vagueness and Ambiguity
171
13
Vagueness
171
6
Ambiguity
177
3
Exercises
180
4
11 Reasonable Beliefs
184
17
Granted Claims and Acceptable Beliefs
184
10
New Claims, Background Beliefs, and Rationality
194
2
Exercises
196
5
12 Rules for Writing 201 Structure
201
25
Style
205
5
Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments
210
16
Index
226