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Tables of Contents for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
To the Student
xxi
Part 1 Statistical Preliminaries
1
238
Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
2
32
The Study of Statistics
2
2
Research in the Behavioral Sciences
4
1
Variables
5
1
Measurement
6
8
Discrete and Continuous Variables
14
2
Populations and Samples
16
2
Biased Sampling
17
1
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
18
1
The Concept of Probability
19
1
Mathematical Preliminaries: A Review
20
8
Statistics and Computers
28
6
Summary
29
5
Frequency and Probability Distributions
34
33
Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Variables: Ungrouped Scores
34
4
Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Variables: Grouped Scores
38
3
Frequency Distributions for Qualitative Variables
41
1
Outliers
42
1
Frequency Graphs
43
8
Misleading Graphs
51
1
Graphs of Relative Frequencies, Percentages, Cumulative Frequencies, and Cumulative Relative Frequencies
52
1
Probability Distributions
53
3
Empirical and Theoretical Distributions
56
1
Method of Presentation
57
2
Examples from the Literature
59
8
Summary
63
4
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
67
33
Measures of Central Tendency for Quantitative Variables
68
10
Measures of Variability for Quantitative Variables
78
5
Computational Formula for the Sum of Squares
83
2
Relationship Between Central Tendency and Variability
85
1
Graphs of Central Tendency and Variability
86
3
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability for Qualitative Variables
89
1
Skewness and Kurtosis
90
1
Sample Versus Population Notation
91
1
Method of Presentation
91
1
Example from the Literature
92
8
Summary
95
5
Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, Standard Scores, and the Normal Distribution
100
25
Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
101
4
Standard Scores
105
4
Standard Scores and the Normal Distribution
109
4
Standard Scores and the Shape of the Distribution
113
1
Method of Presentation
113
12
Summary
120
1
The Normal Distribution Formula
121
4
Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
125
32
Use of Pearson Correlation
125
1
The Linear Model
126
4
The Pearson Correlation Coefficient
130
8
Correlation and Causation
138
1
Interpreting the Magnitude of a Correlation Coefficient
139
1
Regression
140
5
Additional Issues Associated with the Use of Correlation and Regression
145
12
Summary
153
4
Probability
157
24
Probabilities of Simple Events
159
1
Conditional Probabilities
160
1
Joint Probabilities
161
1
Adding Probabilities
162
1
Relationships Among Probabilities
162
2
Sampling with Versus Without Replacement
164
2
Beliefs and Probability Theory
165
1
Counting Rules
166
3
The Binomial Expression
169
12
Summary
176
5
Estimation and Sampling Distributions
181
24
Finite Versus Infinite Populations
181
1
Estimation of the Population Mean
182
2
Estimation of the Population Variance and Standard Deviation
184
3
Degrees of Freedom
187
1
Sampling Distribution of the Mean and the Central Limit Theorem
188
9
Polls and Random Samples
191
6
Types of Sampling Distributions
197
8
Summary
202
3
Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
205
34
A Simple Analogy for Principles of Hypothesis Testing
205
1
Statistical Inference and the Normal Distribution: The One-Sample z Test
206
4
Defining Expected and Unexpected Results
210
1
Failing to Reject Versus Accepting the Null Hypothesis
211
1
Type I and Type II Errors
212
2
Effects of Alpha and Sample Size on the Power of Statistical Tests
214
2
Statistical and Real-World Significance
216
1
Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests
216
3
Statistical Inference Using Estimated Standard Errors: The One-Sample t Test
219
6
Confidence Intervals
225
4
Method of Presentation
229
2
Examples from the Literature
231
8
Summary
233
6
Part 2 The Analysis of Bivariate Relationships
239
256
Research Design and Statistical Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
240
19
Principles of Research Design: Statistical Implications
240
11
Confounding and Disturbance Variables
247
4
Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test to Analyze a Relationship: A Preview
251
8
Summary
255
4
Independent Groups t Test
259
43
Use of the Independent Groups t Test
259
2
Inference of a Relationship Using the Independent Groups t Test
261
10
Strength of the Relationship
271
9
Nature of the Relationship
280
1
Methodological Considerations
281
1
Numerical Example
281
3
Planning an Investigation Using the Independent Groups t Test
284
2
Method of Presentation
286
1
Examples from the Literature
287
15
Summary
294
8
Correlated Groups t Test
302
27
Use of the Correlated Groups t Test
302
1
Inference of a Relationship Using the Correlated Groups t Test
303
5
Strength of the Relationship
308
3
Nature of the Relationship
311
1
Methodological Considerations
311
1
Power of Correlated Groups Versus Independent Groups t Tests
312
2
Numerical Example
314
2
Planning an Investigation Using the Correlated Groups t Test
316
1
Method of Presentation
317
1
Examples from the Literature
318
11
Summary
321
1
Computational Procedures for the Nullified Score Approach
322
7
One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
329
40
Use of One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
329
1
Inference of a Relationship Using One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
330
14
Relationship of the F Test to the t Test
344
1
Strength of the Relationship
344
1
Nature of the Relationship
345
4
Unstandardized Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals
349
1
Methodological Considerations
350
1
Numerical Example
350
4
Planning an Investigation Using One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
354
1
Method of Presentation
354
2
Examples from the Literature
356
13
Summary
360
1
Rationale for the Degrees of Freedom
361
8
One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
369
33
Use of One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
369
2
Inference of a Relationship Using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
371
9
Strength of the Relationship
380
1
Nature of the Relationship
381
2
Unstandardized Effect Size and Confidence Intervals
383
1
Methodological Considerations
383
2
Numerical Example
385
3
Planning an Investigation Using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
388
1
Method of Presentation
389
1
Examples from the Literature
390
12
Summary
395
1
Determining the Nature of the Relationship Under Sphericity Violations
395
7
Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
402
31
Use of Pearson Correlation
402
1
Inference of a Relationship Using Pearson Correlation
403
4
Strength of the Relationship
407
1
Confidence Intervals for the Correlation Coefficient
407
1
Nature of the Relationship
408
1
Planning an Investigation Using Pearson Correlation
408
1
Method of Presentation for Pearson Correlation
408
1
Examples from the Literature
409
2
Regression
411
3
Numerical Example
414
4
Method of Presentation for Regression
418
15
Summary
423
1
Testing Null Hypotheses Other Than p = 0
423
2
Confidence Intervals for the Correlation Coefficient
425
8
Chi-Square Test
433
30
Use of the Chi-Square Test
433
1
Two-Way Contingency Tables
434
1
Chi-Square Tests of Independence and Homogeneity
435
1
Inference of a Relationship Using the Chi-Square Test
435
6
2 x 2 Tables
441
1
Strength of the Relationship
442
1
Nature of the Relationship
443
1
Methodological Considerations
444
1
Numerical Example
445
1
Use of Quantitative Variables in the Chi-Square Test
446
1
Planning an Investigation Using the Chi-Square Test
447
1
Method of Presentation
448
1
Examples from the Literature
449
2
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
451
12
Summary
455
1
Determining the Nature of the Relationship Using a Modified Bonferroni Procedure
456
7
Nonparametric Statistics
463
32
Rank Scores
464
2
Nonparametric Statistics and Outliers
466
1
Analysis of Ranked Data Using Parametric Formulas
467
1
Rank Tests for Two Independent Groups
467
4
Rank Test for Two Correlated Groups
471
3
Rank Test for Three or More Independent Groups
474
3
Rank Test for Three or More Correlated Groups
477
3
Rank Test for Correlation
480
3
Examples from the Literature
483
12
Summary
486
1
Corrections for Ties for Nonparametric Rank Tests
486
9
Part 3 Additional Topics
495
64
Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
496
48
Factorial Designs
497
1
Use of Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
498
1
The Concepts of Main Effects and Interactions
499
7
Inference of Relationships Using Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
506
8
Strength of the Relationships
514
1
Nature of the Relationships
515
3
Methodological Considerations
518
1
Numerical Example
518
8
Unequal Sample Sizes
526
1
Planning an Investigation Using Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
527
2
Method of Presentation
529
2
Examples from the Literature
531
13
Summary
536
8
Overview and Extension: Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships and Procedures for More Complex Designs
544
15
Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
544
1
Case I: The Relationship Between Two Qualitative Variables
545
1
Case II: The Relationship Between a Qualitative Independent Variable and a Quantitative Dependent Variable
545
4
Case III: The Relationship Between a Quantitative Independent Variable and a Qualitative Dependent Variable
549
1
Case IV: The Relationship Between Two Quantitative Variables
549
1
Procedures for More Complex Designs
550
3
Alternative Approaches to Null Hypothesis Testing
553
6
Summary
554
5
Appendix A Table of Random Numbers
559
3
Appendix B Proportions of Scores in a Normal Distribution
562
10
Appendix C Factorials
572
1
Appendix D Critical Values for the Distribution
573
2
Appendix E Power and Sample Size
575
24
Appendix F Critical Values for the F Distribution
599
4
Appendix G Studentized Range Values (q)
603
3
Appendix H Critical Values for Pearson r
606
2
Appendix I Fisher's Transformation of Pearson r (r')
608
2
Appendix J Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution
610
2
Appendix K Critical Values for the Mann--Whitney U Test
612
3
Appendix L Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
615
2
Appendix M Critical Values for Spearman r
617
2
Appendix N Formulas for Unbiased Estimators of Proportion of Explained Variance
619
1
Answers to Selected Exercises
620
19
Glossary of Major Symbols
639
5
References
644
7
Index
651
7
Credits
658