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Tables of Contents for At-Risk Youth
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Dedication
v
Preface
xvii
PART 1 At-Risk Children and Youth: The Ecology of Problems
1
92
An Introduction to At-Risk Issues: The Tree
3
16
The Scope of the Problems: An Overview of the Ecology of At-Risk Youth
5
5
Facts of an At-Risk Society
5
1
The Use of the Term At Risk: Definition Problems
6
3
Assess the Context of Problems, Such as Poverty and Racism
9
1
Case Study: The Andrews Family
10
3
At-Risk Problems and Issues
13
1
Cause or Effect?
13
1
Vulnerable and Underserved
13
1
The At-Risk Tree: A Metaphor
14
4
Conclusion
18
1
Environmental/Societal Factors That Contribute to Risk
19
17
The Ecological Model
21
1
The Economy and Poverty
22
4
Poverty
22
1
Welfare Reform
23
1
Stagnation of the Working Poor
23
2
Single Mothers
25
1
Case Study: The Baker Family
26
3
Homeless Families
28
1
Socioeconomic Status
29
1
Health Problems and SES
29
1
At-Risk Categories and SES
30
1
The Widening Gap
30
1
Ennui and Purpose
30
1
Parenting Networks
31
1
Training for Life
31
1
Modest Proposals and Suggestions
32
3
Child Care
32
1
Skill-Building Programs
33
1
Comprehensive Preschool Programs
34
1
Conclusion
35
1
Family Problems of At-Risk Children and Youth
36
21
Societal Changes Affecting the Family
37
2
Divorce
38
1
The Erosion of Extended-Family Networks
38
1
Changes within the Family
39
4
The Family Life Cycle
39
2
The Family System
41
2
Case Study: The Carter Family
43
3
Families of Color
45
1
Families of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Youth
45
1
Family Problems and Problem Families
46
2
Families That Are Stressed
46
1
Families with Dysfunction
47
1
Child-Rearing Practices: Three Dimensions of Child-Rearing
48
8
Parental Inconsistency
49
2
Clusters of Child-Rearing Behaviors
51
5
Conclusion
56
1
School Issues That Relate to At-Risk Children and Youth
57
20
The Value of Education
58
5
Research on Effective Schools
63
2
Variables in Research on School Effects
63
1
Definitional Issues in Research on School Effects
64
1
Case Study: The Diaz Family
65
6
Educational Structure: Schools and Classrooms
71
5
School Structure
71
1
School Choice
72
1
Charter Schools
73
1
Classroom Structure
73
1
Curriculum Issues
74
2
Conclusion
76
1
Individual Characteristics of High-Risk and Low-Risk Children and Youth
77
16
Resiliency and Invulnerability
79
1
Factors That Contribute to Resilience
79
3
Social Environment
80
1
Family Milieu
81
1
Individual Characteristics
81
1
Common Characteristics of Resilient Youth
82
1
Skills That Characterize High-Risk Versus Low-Risk Youth
82
8
Critical School Competencies
83
1
Concept of Self and Self-Esteem
84
2
Connectedness
86
2
Coping Ability
88
1
Control
89
1
Things to do to Increase the Five Cs
90
1
Conclusion
91
2
PART 2 At-Risk Categories
93
126
School Dropouts
95
19
Definitional Issues of the Dropout Problem
96
1
Literacy Standards
96
1
Definition of Dropout
97
1
Scope and Characteristics of the Problem
97
3
Immigrant Students
98
1
Latino Students
98
1
Exceptional Students
99
1
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students
99
1
The Consequences of Dropping Out
100
1
Economic Consequences
100
1
Social Consequences
100
1
Predictive Indicators and Type of Dropouts
101
3
Differences Between Stayers and Leavers
101
1
Predictive Variables and Dropout Types
102
2
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
104
5
Family and Community
104
1
School
105
4
Specific Intervention: Comprehensive, Competency-Based Guidance
109
2
Specific Intervention: Solution-Focused Counseling
111
2
Conclusion
113
1
Substance Use and Addiction
114
19
Definitional Difficulties and Assessment
115
1
The Scope of the Problem
116
2
Some Determinants of Substance Use and Common Characteristics of Users
118
4
Environmental and Social Correlates of Substance Use
118
1
Peer Influence on Substance Use
119
1
Family Correlates of Substance Use
119
1
Personal Correlates of Substance Use
120
2
Some Consequences of Substance Use
122
1
Physiological Consequences
122
1
Psychosocial Consequences
122
1
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
123
6
Prevention
124
1
Community Treatment Programs
125
1
School Treatment Programs
126
2
Guidelines for Best Practices in Drug/Alcohol Intervention
128
1
Specific Intervention: Motivational Interviewing
129
3
Conclusion
132
1
Teenage Pregnancy and Risky Sexual Behavior
133
23
The Scope of the Problem
134
2
Precursors of Teen Pregnancy: Common Background Characteristics
136
4
Adolescent Development
136
1
Antecedent Characteristics
137
1
Interpersonal Influences
138
1
Media Influences
139
1
Consequences of Early Childbearing
140
2
Socioeconomic Consequences
140
1
Educational Consequences
140
1
Health-Related Consequences
141
1
Family Development
141
1
AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
142
2
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
144
2
Sexual Antecedent Programs
144
1
Nonsexual Antecedent Programs
145
1
Specific Intervention: An Adlerian Model
146
9
Purposiveness of Behavior
147
1
Goals of Misbehavior
147
4
Corrective Procedures
151
2
Natural and Logical Consequences
153
1
Encouragement
154
1
Conclusion
155
1
Antisocial Behavior, Delinquency, and Youth Gangs
156
21
The Scope and Nature of Antisocial Behavior, Delinquency, and Gangs
157
4
Family Aggression and Violence
158
1
School Problems
158
1
Vandalism
159
1
Juvenile Delinquency
159
1
Gang Membership and Youth Violence
160
1
The Origins of the Problem
161
7
A Developmental and Ecological Model
161
1
Society, Communities, and Neighborhoods
161
2
Risk Factors in Society, Communities, and Neighborhoods
163
1
Family and Home Environment Risk Factors
163
1
School Environment and Risk Factors
164
2
Peer Group Environment
166
1
Onset of Delinquent Behavior
167
1
Gang Involvement
167
1
Gang Risk Factors
167
1
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
168
2
Family Prevention and Intervention
168
1
School Prevention and Intervention
169
1
Community Prevention and Intervention
170
1
Specific Intervention: Reality Therapy
170
6
Assumptions of Reality Therapy
171
2
Theoretical Components of Reality Therapy
173
1
The Seven Principles of Reality Therapy
174
2
Conclusion
176
1
School Shooters
177
18
Scope of the Problem
178
1
Ecological Contributions to the Problem
179
2
Guns
179
1
Media
180
1
Identifying Potential Shooters
181
2
Profiling and Checklists
181
1
Predicting Versus Preventing
182
1
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
183
5
Targets of Intervention
183
5
Specific Intervention: Preventing School Shootings
188
5
Anger Management
189
2
Anti-Bullying Interventions
191
2
Conclusion
193
2
Youth Suicide
195
24
The Scope of the Problem
197
2
Risk Factors and Characteristics of Youth Suicide
199
5
Interpersonal, Family, and Psychosocial Characteristics
199
2
Intrapersonal and Psychological Characteristics
201
3
Warning Signs of Suicide
204
3
Suicide Motivations
204
2
Verbal Messages
206
1
Behavioral Changes
206
1
General Risk Factors
207
1
Common Misconceptions of Suicide
207
1
Identification and Assessment Strategies
208
3
Forms of Depression
208
2
Interviews for Suicide Lethality
210
1
Self-Report Inventories
210
1
General Prevention and Intervention Strategies
211
1
General Prevention
211
1
Brief Therapy and Skills Training
211
1
Specific Early Intervention, Crisis Management, and Postvention
212
5
Crisis Management and Response
213
2
Postvention and Follow-Up Treatment
215
2
Conclusion
217
2
PART 3 Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment Approaches
219
101
A Prevention/Early Intervention/Treatment Framework and Other Environmental Considerations
221
19
A Comprehensive Prevention/Early Intervention/Treatment Framework
222
1
History of Prevention Programs
223
2
Prevention Defined
225
1
Description of the Framework
226
3
The Risk Continuum
226
1
The Approach Continuum
226
3
The Prevention/Treatment Continuum
229
1
Environmental Settings
229
5
Society/Community
231
1
Family
231
1
School
231
3
Practical Considerations
234
1
Counselor/Psychologist/Teacher Interface
234
1
Additional Environmental Issues
235
4
Relationships
235
1
Empowerment
236
3
Conclusion
239
1
Core Components of Programs for Prevention and Early Intervention
240
24
Critical School Competencies
242
5
Training in Life Skills
242
2
Prevention Strategy for Children: Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving (ICPS)
244
3
Concept of Self
247
4
Training to Prevent Depression
247
1
Optimism
248
1
Basic Skills of Optimism
249
1
Application for At-Risk Problem Prevention
250
1
Connectedness
251
3
Training in Interpersonal Communication
251
1
Assertiveness Skills
252
2
Coping Ability
254
3
Beneficial Relaxation
254
1
Progressive Relaxation
255
1
Visual Imagery
255
1
Affirmations
256
1
Control: Strategies for Cognitive Change
257
6
Control of Decisions
258
1
Self-Management and Self-Control
259
2
Control for Learning
261
1
Cognitive Restructuring
261
2
Conclusion
263
1
Peer Interventions
264
21
Importance of Peers
265
3
Peer Influence---For Good or Bad
266
1
Peer Cluster Theory
267
1
Cooperative Learning and Peer Support Networks
268
5
Cooperative Learning
268
1
Positive Effects of Cooperative Learning Groups
268
2
Peer Support Networks
270
2
Elements of Cooperative Learning
272
1
Peer and Cross-Age Tutoring Programs
273
5
Cost-Effectiveness
273
1
Readiness
274
1
Preparation
274
1
Sample Method: Pause, Prompt, and Praise
275
1
Program Implementations
276
2
Peer Mediation Programs
278
5
Background
278
1
Theoretical Assumptions
279
1
Benefits to Students and to the School
279
1
Training Staff Members
280
1
Training Student Peer Mediators
280
1
Implications
281
1
The Ripple Effect
282
1
Counseling Ramifications
282
1
Peer Facilitation
283
1
Training Phase
283
1
Service Phase
283
1
Conclusion
284
1
Family Interventions
285
19
Family Counseling
287
5
Referring the Family for Counseling
288
1
The Nature of Family Counseling
289
1
Strategies in Family Counseling
290
2
Alternatives and Adjuncts to Family Counseling
292
11
The Family Check-Up
293
1
Parent Education and Training
293
3
Parent Education and Training for Families of Color
296
1
Parent Effectiveness Training
297
4
Parent Support Groups
301
2
Conclusion
303
1
Legal and Ethical Issues
304
16
The Legal System
305
8
Criminal Law
306
3
Civil Law
309
4
Specific Legal Concerns
313
6
Legal Issues in Problems of Substance Use
313
1
Legal Issues in Youth Sexuality
313
2
Legal Issues in Delinquency
315
1
Legal Issues in Youth Suicide
316
2
Testifying in Court
318
1
Conclusion
319
1
References
320
44
Name Index
364
6
Subject Index
370