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Tables of Contents for Communications Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
The U.S. Legal System
1
28
Studying the Law
2
2
Jurisdiction
4
5
Federal Jurisdiction
4
2
State Jurisdiction
6
3
Categorizing Law by Source
9
7
Constitutional Law
9
2
Statutory Law
11
1
Administrative Law
12
1
Case Law
13
3
Other Ways to Categorize Law
16
2
Criminal Law versus Civil Law
16
1
Contracts and Torts
17
1
The Judicial Process
18
11
Justiciable Controversy
18
1
Pretrial Procedure
19
2
Trial Procedure
21
1
Appellate Procedure
22
2
Finding Court Decisions
24
1
Administrative Proceedings
25
4
The First Amendment
29
42
Background
30
2
Reasons for Freedom of Speech
32
3
Social Reasons
32
2
Individualistic Reasons
34
1
Rebuttal
34
1
Adoption of the First Amendment
35
1
Nature of the Guarantee
36
4
Liberty versus Government Power
36
2
Expression versus Conduct
38
2
Suspect Restrictions
40
11
Prior Restraints
40
3
Punishment After the Fact
43
2
Financial Burdens
45
2
Compelled Speech
47
2
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions
49
2
Resolving Conflicts
51
20
Rights not Absolute
51
3
Unprotected Speech
54
1
The Balancing Approach
55
6
Special Problem: Government Media
61
3
Waiver of Rights
64
7
Risks to Public Safety
71
28
Introduction
73
1
Law and Order
73
4
Clear-and-Present-Danger Standard
74
2
The Current Standard
76
1
National Security
77
5
Pentagon Papers Case
78
2
The H-Bomb Case
80
1
Wartime Access Restrictions
81
1
Personal Injury
82
17
Negligence versus Incitement
83
1
Harm Through Imitation
84
3
Harm from Advice or Instructions
87
3
Harm Through Advertising
90
9
Damage to Reputation
99
54
Evolution of Defamation Law
100
4
Development by the States
101
1
The Constitution Intervenes
102
1
Ingredients for a Lawsuit
103
1
Defamatory Content
104
6
The Meaning of ``Defamatory''
104
3
Interpreting the Statements
107
3
Falsity
110
5
Burden of Proof
111
1
How False Must It Be?
112
1
Special Problem: Fact versus Opinion
112
3
Publication
115
1
Identification
116
2
Special Problem: Group Defamation
117
1
Fault
118
16
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
119
3
Meaning of Actual Malice
122
4
Gertz and the Negligence Standard
126
2
Categorizing the Plaintiff
128
6
Harm to Plaintiff
134
3
Awarding Damages
135
1
Limits on Damages
135
1
Matters of Private Concern
136
1
Privileges, Defenses, and Other Protections
137
7
Reports of Official Proceedings
138
1
Neutral Reporting
139
1
The Wire Service Defense
140
1
Retractions
140
1
Summary Judgment
141
1
Counter-Attacks by the Media
142
1
Libel Insurance
143
1
Statutes of Limitations
144
1
Libel Reform Efforts
144
9
Reasons for Change
144
1
The Annenburg Project
145
1
The Uniform Correction Act
146
7
Privacy and Peace of Mind
153
41
Origins of Privacy Law
154
2
Four Distinct Torts
155
1
Appropriation
156
8
Commercial Use
156
3
Special Problem: Self-Promotion
159
1
Name or Likeness
160
2
Special Problem: Survivability of Claims
162
1
Consent
162
2
Disclosure of Private Facts
164
10
Private Facts
165
3
Highly Offensive
168
1
Newsworthiness Defense
168
6
False Light
174
3
False Light Situations
175
1
The Elements and Privileges
176
1
Intrusion
177
6
Expectation of Privacy
178
1
Offensiveness
179
1
Use of Subterfuge
180
2
Public Places
182
1
Emotional Distress
183
4
Criminal Protections
187
7
Restrictions on Disclosure
187
1
Restrictions on Information Gathering
188
6
Gaining Access
194
34
Access to Places
196
8
Trespass to Private Property
197
4
Accident, Crime, and Disaster Scenes
201
1
Polling Places
202
1
Government Property
203
1
Access to Government Proceedings
204
5
State Open Meeting Laws
204
3
The Federal Statute
207
2
Access to Government Records
209
14
The Freedom of Information Act
209
11
State Open Records Laws
220
3
Selective Access by Government
223
5
Media and the Justice System
228
46
Media and Courts: A Unique Relationship
231
1
Media and a Fair Trial
231
8
The Sixth Amendment Guarantee
232
1
The First Amendment Conflict
233
1
Warnings from the Supreme Court
233
4
The True Effect of Publicity
237
1
The Aftermath of Sheppard
238
1
Preventing Publication
239
6
Gag Orders on the Media
239
4
Restrictions on Participants
243
2
Access to Proceedings
245
10
Access to Trials
245
3
Pretrial Proceedings
248
2
Civil Proceedings
250
1
Special Problem: Cameras in the Courtroom
251
2
Special Problem: Juvenile Proceedings
253
1
Ethics and Etiquette of Court Coverage
254
1
Access to Court Evidence and Records
254
1
Extracting Evidence from the Media
255
12
Forced Disclosure and the First Amendment
259
3
State Shield Laws
262
3
Confidentiality and Contract Law
265
1
Police Searches
266
1
Contempt of Court
267
7
The Penalties for Contempt
267
2
Limitations on the Contempt Power
269
5
Creative Property
274
50
Introduction
276
1
Copyright
277
24
Protected Works
278
4
Ownership
282
6
Formalities
288
2
Infringement
290
3
Licensing Agreements
293
1
Music Licensing
294
4
Special Problem: Cable Retransmissions
298
2
International Protection
300
1
The Fair Use Defense
301
7
Applying the Factors
301
6
Freedom for Parody
307
1
Copyright and Advancing Technology
308
1
Trademarks
309
9
Creation of Trademarks
311
2
Trademark Registration
313
1
Infringement
314
1
Dilution
315
3
Unfair Competition
318
6
Corporate and Government Speech
324
30
Introduction
326
2
Corporations and Investors
328
7
The Securities and Exchange Commission
328
1
Corporate Filings
329
1
Rule 10b-5
330
5
Corporations and Political Influence
335
8
Influencing Candidate Elections
335
6
Influencing Public Issues
341
2
Government and Political Influence
343
11
Government Employees and The Hatch Act
344
3
Employee Honoraria
347
1
Official Government Persuasion
348
6
Commercial Speech
354
38
Introduction
356
1
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment
357
9
The Rise to Protection
358
2
The Standard of Review
360
2
Ad Bans for Disfavored Products
362
4
Disclosure Requirements
366
1
Deceptive Ads and the FTC
366
14
Authority of the FTC
367
2
Deception: The Basic Elements
369
6
Prior Substantiation
375
2
FTC Rules and Guides
377
2
FTC Enforcement Devices
379
1
Lanham Act Lawsuits
380
4
Elements of a Claim
381
1
Sample Cases
382
1
Plaintiff's Remedies
383
1
State Advertising Laws
384
2
Government Prosecution
384
1
Private Lawsuits
385
1
Federal Preemption
385
1
Liability for Illegal Ads
386
1
Rejection of Advertising
387
5
Broadcast and Cable TV
392
49
Introduction
394
1
The Rudiments of Broadcast Regulation
395
9
Use of the Spectrum
395
2
The Communications Act of 1934
397
1
The FCC
398
1
Limited First Amendment Status
399
5
Broadcast Licensing
404
13
The Initial License
405
6
Renewals
411
3
Transfer of Licenses
414
1
Ownership Limitations
415
2
Broadcast Content Controls
417
12
Equal Opportunity for Candidates
418
3
Candidate Access
421
3
Remnants of the Fairness Doctrine
424
2
Children's Programming
426
1
Other Content Controls
427
2
Cable Television
429
12
First Amendment Status
430
1
The Cable Acts
431
1
Franchising
432
1
Cable Content
433
2
Entry by Telephone Companies
435
6
Obscenity and Indecency
441
40
Introduction
442
4
History of Pornography
443
2
Early American Obscenity Law
445
1
Obscenity and the Constitution
446
2
The Rationale for Controls
446
1
The Presidential Commissions
447
1
Defining Obscenity
448
6
Prurient Interest
449
1
Patent Offensiveness
450
1
Lack of Serious Value
451
2
Exception: Child Pornography
453
1
Curbing Obscenity
454
9
State Statutes
454
1
Federal Statues
455
3
The Knowledge Requirement
458
1
Private Possession
458
1
Prior Restraint
459
3
Women's Rights
462
1
Control Through Zoning
463
3
Special Problem: Live Dancing
465
1
Indecency
466
15
The Public Airwaves
466
5
Cable TV
471
3
Telephone
474
7
Cyberspace
481
22
Introduction
482
1
Threshold Issues in Cyberspace
483
6
Jurisdiction
484
3
Liability and the First Amendment
487
2
Defamation in Cyberspace
489
3
SYSOP Liability
489
2
User Liability
491
1
Privacy and Encryption
492
2
E-Mail Privacy
492
1
Information Security
493
1
Copyrights in Cyberspace
494
4
Triggering the Exclusive Rights
495
1
Fair Use
496
1
Vying for Electronic Rights
497
1
Adult Material on the Net
498
5
The Framework for Regulation
498
1
The Communications Decency Act
499
4
Appendix A The Bill of Rights to the Constitution of The United States of America
503
2
Appendix B The Uniform Correction or Clarification of Defamation Act
505
5
Appendix C Codes of Ethics
510
4
Glossary of Legal Terms
514
11
Case Index
525
4
Subject Index
529