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Tables of Contents for At-Risk Youth
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART 1 AT-RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH: THE ECOLOGY OF PROBLEMS
1
92
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO AT-RISK ISSUES: THE TREE
3
17
THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEMS
4
6
Facts of an At-Risk Society
5
1
Defining the Term At Risk
6
3
Blame Poverty and Racism, Not the Victim
9
1
CASE STUDY: THE ANDREWS FAMILY
10
3
AT-RISK PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
13
2
Cause or Effect?
13
1
Vulnerable and Underserved
14
1
THE AT-RISK TREE, A METAPHOR
15
3
CONCLUSION
18
1
FURTHER READINGS
18
2
CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIETAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RISK
20
18
THE CHANGING ECONOMY AND POVERTY
22
4
Job and Income Loss: Stagnation of the Working Poor
22
2
Young Families
24
1
Single Mothers
25
1
CASE STUDY: THE BAKER FAMILY
26
3
Homeless Families
28
1
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
29
2
SES and Health Problems
30
1
Parent-Child Relations and SES
31
1
SES and At-Risk Categories
31
1
AND THE RICH GET RICHER
31
1
ENNUI AND PURPOSE
31
2
Parenting Networks
32
1
Training for Life
32
1
MODEST PROPOSALS AND SUGGESTIONS: FAMILY/SCHOOL/COMMUNITY LINK
33
3
Child Care
33
2
Deficits in Skills
35
1
Comprehensive Preschool Programs
35
1
CONCLUSION
36
1
FURTHER READINGS
36
2
CHAPTER 3 FAMILY PROBLEMS OF AT-RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH
38
22
SOCIETAL CHANGES AFFECTING THE FAMILY
39
2
Divorce
39
1
The Erosion of Extended-Family Networks
40
1
CHANGES WITHIN THE FAMILY
41
4
The Family Life Cycle
41
2
The Family System
43
2
CASE STUDY: THE CARTER FAMILY
45
2
FAMILY PROBLEMS AND PROBLEM FAMILIES
47
2
Stressed Families
47
1
Dysfunctional Families
48
1
VULNERABLE AND UNDERSERVED FAMILIES
49
2
Ethnic Minority Families
49
1
Families of Gay and Lesbian Youth
50
1
CHILD-REARING PRACTICES
51
8
Three Dimensions of Child Rearing
51
1
Parental Inconsistency
52
2
Clusters of Child-Rearing Behaviors
54
5
CONCLUSION
59
1
FURTHER READINGS
59
1
CHAPTER 4 SCHOOL ISSUES THAT RELATE TO AT-RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH
60
18
THE VALUE OF EDUCATION
61
3
RESEARCH ON EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS
64
1
Variables in Research on School Effects
64
1
Definitional Issues in Research on School Effects
64
1
SCHOOL CULTURE
65
1
Student Climate
65
1
CASE STUDY: THE DIAZ FAMILY
66
5
Teacher Climate
70
1
EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE: SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS
71
3
School Structure
71
1
Classroom Structure
72
2
PEER GROUP INFLUENCE
74
2
CONCLUSION
76
1
FURTHER READINGS
77
1
CHAPTER 5 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-RISK AND LOW-RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH
78
15
RESILIENCY AND INVULNERABILITY
80
3
Development of Resiliency Skills
80
2
Common Characteristics of Resiliont Youth
82
1
SKILLS THAT CHARACTERIZE HIGH-RISK VERSUS LOW-RISK YOUTH
83
6
Critical School Competencies
84
1
Concept of Self and Self-Esteem
85
1
Communication with Others
86
1
Coping Ability
87
1
Control
88
1
THINGS TO DO TO INCREASE THE FIVE CS
89
1
CONCLUSION
90
2
FURTHER READINGS
92
1
PART 2 AT-RISK CATEGORIES
93
108
CHAPTER 6 SCHOOL DROPOUTS
95
19
DEFINITIONAL ISSUES OF THE DROPOUT PROBLEM
96
1
Literacy Standards
96
1
Definition of Dropout
97
1
SCOPE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROBLEM
97
2
Differences Between Stayers and Leavers
98
1
Exceptional Students
99
1
VULNERABLE AND UNDERSERVED STUDENTS
99
1
THE ROOTS OF THE DROPOUT PROBLEM
100
1
THE CONSEQUENCES OF DROPPING OUT
101
2
Economic Consequences
102
1
Social Consequences
102
1
IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING SIGNS
102
7
SECOND-CHANCE PROGRAMS: ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION
109
3
CONCLUSION
112
1
FURTHER READINGS
113
1
CHAPTER 7 SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION
114
19
DEFINITIONAL DIFFICULTIES AND ASSESSMENT
116
2
THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
116
1
Vulnerable and Underserved Youth
117
1
SOME DETERMINANTS OF SUBSTANCE USE AND COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF USERS
118
5
Social Correlates of Substance Use
118
1
Personal Correlates of Substance Use
119
4
Peer Influence on Substance Use
123
1
CONSEQUENCES OF SUBSTANCE USE
123
2
Physiological Consequences
123
1
Physiological Consequences
124
1
Legal Consequences
125
1
INTERVENTION: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES
125
6
Prevention
126
1
Community Treatment
127
1
School Treatment
128
3
CONCLUSION
131
1
FURTHER READINGS
132
1
CHAPTER 8 TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
133
25
THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
135
1
PRECURSORS OF TEEN PREGNANCY: COMMON BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
136
4
Adolescent Development
137
1
Antecedent Characteristics
137
1
Interpersonal Influences
138
1
Media Influences
138
2
CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY CHILDBEARING
140
2
Socioeconomic Consequences
140
1
Educational Consequences
140
1
Health-Related Consequences
141
1
Family Development
141
1
AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
142
1
Vulnerable and Underserved Youth
143
1
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES: GENERAL FRAMEWORK
143
3
Family-Life Planning and Sex Education
144
1
Access to Contraceptive Methods
145
1
Increased Life Options
145
1
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGY: AN ADLERIAN MODEL
146
10
Purposiveness of Behavior
147
1
Goals of Misbehavior
147
4
Corrective Procedures
151
3
Natural and Logical Consequences
154
1
Encouragement
155
1
CONCLUSION
156
1
FURTHER READINGS
157
1
CHAPTER 9 DELINQUENCY AND PROBLEMS OF VIOLENCE
158
21
THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF DELINQUENCY, ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, AND VIOLENCE
160
2
Family Violence
160
1
School Problems
160
1
Juvenile Crime
161
1
Self-Inflicted Violence
161
1
Gang Membership and Violence
161
1
THE ORIGINS OF THE PROBLEM
162
5
The Ecological Theory of Delinquency
162
2
The Developmental Perspective on Delinquency
164
3
ASSESSMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: RISK FACTORS
167
3
Risk Factors in the Family Environment
167
2
Risk Factors in the School Environment
169
1
Risk Factors in the Social Environment
169
1
Risk Factors for Gang Involvement
170
1
GENERAL INTERVENTION APPROACHES
170
2
Family Intervention and Prevention
170
1
School Intervention
171
1
Community Intervention
172
1
REALITY THERAPY
172
6
Assumptions of Reality Therapy
173
1
Theoretical Components of Reality Therapy
173
3
The Seven Principles of Reality Therapy
176
2
CONCLUSION
178
1
FURTHER READINGS
178
1
CHAPTER 10 YOUTH SUICIDE
179
22
THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
181
2
Vulnerable and Underserved Youth
181
2
CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTH SUICIDE
183
5
Interpersonal, Family, and Psychosocial Characteristics
183
2
Intrapersonal and Psychological Characteristics
185
3
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
188
2
Interviews for Suicide Lethality
189
1
Self-Report Inventories
189
1
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS OF SUICIDE
190
1
WARNING SIGNS OF SUICIDE
191
2
Behavioral Changes
191
1
Verbal Messages
192
1
Cognitive Preoccupations
192
1
Depression
193
1
PREVENTION
193
1
EARLY INTERVENTION, CRISIS MANAGEMENT, AND POSTVENTION
194
5
Crisis Management and Response
195
3
Postvention and Follow-Up Treatment
198
1
CONCLUSION
199
1
FURTHER READINGS
199
2
PART 3 PREVENTION, INTERVENTION, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES
201
113
CHAPTER 11 A PREVENTION/EARLY INTERVENTION/TREATMENT FRAMEWORK AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
203
17
A COMPREHENSIVE PREVENTION/EARLY INTERVENTION/TREATMENT FRAMEWORK
204
9
Prevention, Treatment, and Risk
204
1
History of Prevention Programs
205
1
Description of the Framework
205
1
The Risk Continuum
206
1
The Approach Continuum
207
2
The Prevention-Treatment Continuum
209
1
Environmental Settings
209
4
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
213
2
Cost
213
1
Counselor/Psychologist/Teacher Interface
214
1
ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
215
3
Relationships
215
1
Empowerment
216
1
Social Activism
217
1
CONCLUSION
218
1
FURTHER READINGS
219
1
CHAPTER 12 CORE COMPONENTS OF PROGRAMS FOR PREVENTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION
220
17
LIFE SKILLS
221
3
Overcoming Deficits in Life Skills
221
1
Training in Life Skills
222
2
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
224
2
Training in Interpersonal Communication
224
1
Assertiveness Skills
225
1
STRATEGIES FOR COGNITIVE CHANGE
226
6
Problem Solving and Decision Making
227
1
Self-Management and Self-Control
228
2
Cognitive Restructuring
230
2
COPING WITH STRESS
232
3
Beneficial Relaxation
232
1
Progressive Relaxation
233
1
Visual Imagery
234
1
Affirmations
235
1
CONCLUSION
235
1
FURTHER READINGS
236
1
CHAPTER 13 CHILD AND PEER INTERVENTIONS
237
20
PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR CHILDREN: INTERPERSONAL COGNITIVE PROBLEM SOLVING (ICPS)
238
4
Program Description
239
1
Pre-Problem-Solving Skills
240
1
Problem-Solving Skills
240
2
PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR CHILDREN: TRAINING FOR OPTIMISM
242
4
Optimism
243
1
Basic Skills of Optimism
244
1
Application for Dropouts and Problem Prevention
245
1
PEER INTERVENTIONS: PEER AND CROSS-AGE TUTORING PROGRAMS
246
5
Cost Effectiveness
246
1
Readiness
246
1
Preparation
247
1
Sample Method: Pause, Prompt, and Praise
248
1
Program Implementation
248
3
PEER INTERVENTION: PEER MEDIATION
251
5
Background
251
1
Theoretical Assumptions
252
1
Benefits to Students and to the School
252
1
Training Staff Members
253
1
Training Student Peer Mediators
253
1
Implications
254
1
The Ripple Effect
254
1
Counseling Ramifications
255
1
CONCLUSION
256
1
FURTHER READINGS
256
1
CHAPTER 14 FAMILY INTERVENTIONS
257
23
FAMILY COUNSELING
259
9
Referring the Family for Counseling
260
2
The Nature of Family Counseling
262
1
Approaches to Family Counseling
262
6
ALTERNATIVES AND ADJUNCTS TO FAMILY COUNSELING
268
3
Parent Education
268
2
Parent Support Groups
270
1
PARENT TRAINING
271
7
Vulnerable and Underserved: Ethnic Minority Parent Training
272
2
Parent Effectiveness Training
274
4
CONCLUSION
278
1
FURTHER READINGS
279
1
CHAPTER 15 EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS
280
20
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS: COMMON FEATURES
281
1
SCHOOLWIDE INTERVENTIONS
282
4
Elementary-Level Interventions
282
1
Students with Disabilities
283
1
Middle-Level Interventions
283
2
Secondary-Level Interventions
285
1
INTERVENTIONS AT THE CLASSROOM LEVEL
286
7
Direct Instruction
287
1
Language Acquisition and Holistic Approaches
287
3
Metacognitive Learning Strategies
290
1
Interventions for Second-Language Learners
290
2
Moral Discourse
292
1
COOPERATIVE LEARNING AND PEER SUPPORT NETWORKS
293
5
Positive Effects of Cooperative Learning Groups
294
1
Peer Support Networks
295
3
CONCLUSION
298
1
FURTHER READINGS
299
1
CHAPTER 16 LEGAL ISSUES
300
14
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
301
5
Criminal Law
301
1
Civil Law
304
2
SPECIFIC LEGAL CONCERNS
306
5
Substance Use Problems
306
1
Youth Sexuality
306
2
Delinquency
308
1
Youth Suicide
309
2
LEGAL DO'S AND DON'TS IN WORK WITH AT-RISK YOUTH
311
1
CONCLUSION
312
1
FURTHER READINGS
313
1
APPENDIX A CHILD AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES
314
11
APPENDIX B READING LIST FOR AT-RISK YOUTH
325
4
REFERENCES
329
21
NAME INDEX
350
6
SUBJECT INDEX
356