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Tables of Contents for The Physics of Atmospheres
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface to first edition
xiii
Preface to second edition
xv
Acknowledgements
xvi
Some basic ideas
1
8
Planetary atmospheres
1
1
Equilibrium temperatures
2
1
Hydrostatic equation
3
1
Adiabatic lapse rate
4
1
Sandstrom's theorem
5
4
Problems
7
2
A radiative equilibrium model
9
10
Black-body radiation
9
1
Absorption and emission
10
2
Radiative equilibrium in a grey atmosphere
12
3
Radiative time constants
15
1
The greenhouse effect
15
4
Problems
17
2
Thermodynamics
19
20
Entropy of dry air
19
1
Vertical motion of saturated air
19
3
The tephigram
22
1
Total potential energy of an air column
23
1
Available potential energy
24
5
Zonal and eddy energy
29
10
Problems
30
9
More complex radiation transfer
39
18
Solar radiation: its modification by scattering
39
1
Absorption of solar radiation by ozone
40
1
Absorption by single lines
41
3
Transmission of an atmospheric path
44
1
The integral equation of transfer
45
2
Integration over frequency
47
1
Heating rate due to radiative processes
48
1
Cooling by carbon dioxide emission from upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere
48
1
Band models
49
1
Continuum absorption
50
1
Global radiation budget
50
7
Problems
52
5
The middle and upper atmospheres
57
23
Temperature structure
57
1
Diffusive separation
58
1
The escape of hydrogen
59
6
The energy balance of the thermosphere
65
1
Photochemical processes
66
4
Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium
70
10
Problems
76
4
Clouds
80
8
Cloud formation
80
1
The growth of cloud particles
80
2
The radiative properties of clouds
82
1
Radiative transfer in clouds
83
5
Problems
85
3
Dynamics
88
17
Total and partial derivatives
88
1
Equations of motion
89
3
The geostrophic approximation
92
1
Cyclostrophic motion
93
1
Surfaces of constant pressure
93
1
The thermal wind equation
94
1
The equation of continuity
95
10
Problems
97
8
Atmospheric waves
105
21
Introduction
105
1
Sound waves
105
1
Gravity waves
106
5
Rossby waves
111
2
The vorticity equation
113
2
Three dimensional Rossby-type waves
115
11
Problems
118
8
Turbulence
126
12
The Reynolds number
126
1
Reynolds stresses
127
2
Ekman's solution
129
2
The mixing-length hypothesis
131
1
Ekman pumping
132
1
The spectrum of atmospheric turbulence
133
5
Problems
136
2
The general circulation
138
27
Laboratory experiments
138
2
A symmetric circulation
140
3
Inertial instability
143
2
Barotropic instability
145
2
Baroclinic instability
147
3
Sloping convection
150
1
Energy transport
151
2
Transport of angular momentum
153
3
The general circulation of the middle atmosphere
156
9
Problems
159
6
Numerical modelling
165
24
A barotropic model
165
1
Baroclinic models
166
2
Primitive equation models
168
1
Inclusion of orography
169
1
Convection
169
1
Moist processes
170
1
Radiation transfer
171
3
Inclusion of clouds
174
1
Sub grid scale processes
175
1
Transfer across the surface
176
1
Forecasting models
177
2
Other models
179
10
Problems
181
8
Global observation
189
21
What observations are required?
189
1
Conventional observations
190
2
Remote sounding from satellites
192
1
Remote sounding of atmospheric temperature
193
6
Remote measurements of composition
199
2
Other remote sounding observations
201
2
Observations from remote platforms
203
1
Achieving global coverage
203
7
Problems
205
5
Atmospheric predictability and climatic change
210
14
Short-term predictability
210
2
Variations of climate
212
1
Atmospheric feedback processes
213
2
Different kinds of predictability
215
1
Jupiter's Great Red Spot
216
2
The challenge of climate research
218
6
Problems
219
5
Appendices
224
28
1 Some useful physical constants and data on dry air
224
1
2 Properties of water vapour
225
1
3 Atmospheric composition
226
1
4 Relation of geopotential to geometric height
227
1
5 Model atmospheres (0-105 km)
227
9
6 Mean reference atmosphere (110-500 km)
236
1
7 The Planck function
236
2
8 Solar radiation
238
2
9 Absorption of solar radiation by oxygen and ozone
240
2
10 Spectral band information
242
10
Bibliography
252
3
References to works cited in the text
255
4
Answers to problems and hints to their solution
259
6
Index
265