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Tables of Contents for Typology and Universals
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of figures
xii
List of tables
xiii
Preface to the second edition
xv
Preface to the first edition
xvii
List of abbreviations
xix
List of symbols
xxiv
Introduction
1
30
What is typology?
1
3
Typology, universals and generative grammar
4
2
Cross-linguistic comparison
6
7
The problem of cross-linguistic comparability
13
6
Language sampling for cross-linguistic research
19
9
Data sources
28
3
Typological classification
31
18
A cross-linguistically valid description of morphosyntactic structures
31
11
Simple strategies
32
1
Relational strategies
33
1
Indexical strategies
34
3
Classifiers: indexical or relational?
37
1
More grammaticalized strategies
38
2
Summary
40
2
What is being classified?
42
3
Morphological typology
45
4
Implicational universals and competing motivations
49
38
Restrictions on possible language types
49
3
Unrestricted and implicational universals
52
7
Competing motivations
59
10
Deeper explanations for word order and affix order universals
69
11
Typology, universals and generative grammar revisited
80
6
Conclusion
86
1
Grammatical categories: typological markedness, economy and iconicity
87
35
Typological markedness
87
14
Structural coding
91
4
Behavioral potential
95
5
Neutral value: not a criterion for typological markedness
100
1
Economy and iconicity
101
9
Structural coding, economy and syntagmatic isomorphism
102
2
Economy, paradigmatic isomorphism and polysemy
104
6
Frequency and deeper explanations for economy and iconicity
110
7
Typological asymmetries in word order and phonology
117
3
Conclusion
120
2
Grammatical hierarchies and the semantic map model
122
36
Grammatical hierarchies and implicational universals
122
6
The animacy and definiteness hierarchies
128
5
A deeper explanation for hierarchies and categories: the semantic map model
133
7
Conceptual spaces, structural coding and behavioral potential
140
2
The grammatical relations hierarchies
142
13
The external definition of grammatical relations
142
2
Subject and object, ergative and absolutive
144
8
Objects: direct and indirect, primary and secondary
152
2
The conceptual space for grammatical relations
154
1
Conclusion
155
3
Appendix: typological markedness patterns in grammatical categories
156
2
Prototypes and the interaction of typological patterns
158
36
Interactions of categories
158
4
Place of articulation
158
2
Person
160
2
Interactions of values: typological prototypes
162
3
Grammatical relations
165
18
Animacy, definiteness and participant roles
166
9
Transitivity
175
3
Deeper explanations for the typology of grammatical relations
178
5
Parts of speech
183
5
Other prototypes and markedness reversals
188
4
Conclusion
192
2
Syntactic argumentation and syntactic structure in typology
194
38
Typology and syntactic argumentation
195
6
Iconicity, economy and syntactic structure
201
25
Conceptual distance and constituent structure
205
8
Syntactic and conceptual independence
213
6
The encoding of objects and events
219
5
Other universals of linguistic structure
224
2
Typological conspiracies and communicative motivation
226
5
Conclusion
231
1
Diachronic typology
232
48
The dynamicization of synchronic typology
232
12
From states to processes
244
9
Grammaticalization
253
19
Phonological processes
254
3
Morphosyntactic processes
257
4
Functional processes
261
3
Issues in grammaticalization
264
4
Explanations for grammaticalization
268
4
Inferring diachrony from synchrony
272
7
Conclusion
279
1
Typology as an approach to language
280
11
Scientific approaches (research traditions) and linguistic theories
280
2
Thinking like a typologist
282
1
Description, explanation and generalization
283
3
Typology, the Saussurean dichotomies and the evolutionary model
286
5
List of references
291
22
Map of languages cited
313
11
Author index
324
5
Language index
329
4
Subject index
333