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Tables of Contents for Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Program For testing And Analysis Of Two-Phase Flow In Complex Systems
1
27
Introduction
1
3
Large Break in Pressurized Water Reactor
4
7
Alternative Test and Analysis Programs
11
2
Elements of an Integrated Testing and Analysis Program
13
3
Complex System Characteristics
16
1
Scenarios
16
1
Phenomena Importance and Ranking
17
6
Test Matrix and Plan
23
2
Summary
25
3
References
27
1
Testing Two-Phase Flow In Complex Systems
28
58
Introduction to Scaling of Tests for Complex Systems
28
1
Guidelines for Scaling Complex Systems
29
5
Fluid Properties and Initial Conditions
29
1
Geometric Scaling
30
2
Scaling Interactions
32
1
Typical Scaled Integral Facility: Semiscale
32
2
Hierarchical Two-Tiered Scaling of Complex Systems
34
6
Hierarchy for Volume, Spatial, and Temporal Scales
36
2
Dimensionless Scaling Groupings
38
1
Scaling Hierarchy
39
1
Illustrations of Top-Down Scaling
40
19
Top-Down Scaling of Spatially Uniform System
40
3
Top-Down Scaling during Reactor Coolant Blowdown Phase
43
2
Top-Down Scaling of Vapor Volume Fraction during Reactor Blowdown
45
2
Top-Down Scaling of Spatially Uniform Containment
47
1
Top-Down Scaling of Fluid Transfer between Volumes
48
3
Top-Down Scaling of Single-Phase Natural Circulation Systems
51
3
Top-Down Scaling of Two-Phase Natural Circulation Systems
54
1
Homogeneous Natural Circulation
54
1
Steady-State Two-Phase Homogeneous Natural Circulation
55
1
Nonhomogeneous Two-Phase Natural Circulation
56
2
Top-Down Scaling of Catastrophe Functions
58
1
Illustrations of Bottom-Up Scaling
59
21
Bottom-Up Scaling of Peak Fuel Cladding Temperature during a LOCA from Differential Equations
60
2
Bottom-Up Scaling of Peak Fuel Cladding Temperature during a LOCA from Lumped Models
62
6
Bottom-Up Scaling of Containment Phenomena
68
1
Description of Passive Nuclear Containment Structures
68
4
Nondimensional Groupings for Buoyant Entrainment
72
1
Scaling for Circular Buoyant Jet
73
1
Scaling for Circular Buoyant Plumes
74
1
Scaling for Buoyant Boundary Layers
75
1
Scaling Criteria for Buoyant Jet Transition and Ambient Stratification
76
1
Summary: Bottom-Up Scaling
76
4
Scaling Biases and Distortions
80
3
Heat Loss Bias
80
1
Flow Pattern Bias
81
2
Summary
83
3
References
84
2
System Computer Codes
86
73
Introduction
86
3
Conservation Laws in One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow with No Interface Exchanges
89
4
Conservation of Mass
90
1
Conservation of Momentum
91
1
Conservation of Energy
92
1
Discussion of One-Dimensional Two-Phase Conservation Laws
93
5
Steady-State Flow
93
1
The Many Densities of Two-Phase Flow
94
1
Nondimensional Groupings
95
3
Homogeneous/Uniform Property Flow
98
9
Homogeneous Flow Conservation Equations
98
1
Closure Laws for Homogeneous Flow
99
5
Homogeneous Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity
104
1
Homogeneous Two-Phase Viscosity
104
2
Homogeneous Thermal Conductivity
106
1
Summary: Homogeneous/Uniform Property Flow
106
1
Separated or Mixture Two-Phase Flow Models with No Interface Exchange
107
17
Single-Phase Models
108
1
Martinelli Separated Model
109
1
Lockhart-Martinelli Model
109
4
Martinelli-Nelson Model
113
4
Other Separated Flow Models with No Interface Exchange
117
1
Drift Flux Model
118
6
Two-Fluid Models Including Interface Exchange
124
19
Two-Fluid Model Conservation Laws with Interface Exchange
125
3
Flow Pattern Maps for Computer System Codes
128
3
Closure Laws for Two-Fluid Models with Interfacial Exchange
131
1
Interface Shear
132
4
Wall Shear
136
2
Interfacial and Wall Heat Transfer
138
5
Other Aspects of System Computer Codes
143
12
Numerical Solution of System Computer Codes
143
3
Nodalization
146
1
Subchannel Representation
147
6
Validation of System Computer Codes
153
2
Summary
155
4
References
156
3
Flow Patterns
159
105
Introduction
159
1
Description of Flow Patterns
160
2
Bubble Flow
162
30
Types of Bubble Flow
162
2
Single-Bubble Rise in Infinite Medium
164
3
Analysis of Single-Bubble Rise in Infinite Medium
167
2
One-Dimensional Frictionless Bubble Flow Analysis
169
5
One-Dimensional Bubble Flow Analysis with Wall Friction
174
2
Bubble Flow Friction Losses
176
1
Bubble Distribution and Interfacial Area in Bubble Flow
177
5
Multidimensional Bubble Flow and Analysis
182
5
Transition from Bubble Flow to Slug Flow
187
3
Summary: Bubble Flow
190
2
Slug Flow
192
23
Velocity of a Single Slug in Vertical Flow
194
1
Vertical Slug Flow Analysis and Tests with No Wall Friction
195
2
Wall Friction in Vertical Slug Flow
197
1
Interfacial Area and Shear in Frictionless Vertical Slug Flow
198
4
Interfacial Area and Shear in Vertical Slug Flow with Wall Friction
202
1
Horizontal Slug Flow Analysis and Tests
202
5
Transition from Vertical Slug to Annular Flow
207
2
Transition from Horizontal Slug to Intermittent or Annular Flow
209
2
Severe or Terrain Slugging
211
3
Summary: Slug Flow
214
1
Horizontal Stratified Flow
215
6
Analysis of Smooth Stratified Flow
215
3
Interfacial Waves and Friction during Stratified Flow
218
3
Summary: Horizontal Stratified Flow
221
1
Annular Flow
221
34
Types of Annular Flow Patterns
221
1
Two-Dimensional Analysis of Ideal Annular Flow
222
4
Modification of Ideal Two-Dimensional Annular Flow Model
226
1
Two-Dimensional Analysis of Annular Flow with a Two-Layer Liquid Film
227
3
Waves and Interfacial Friction Factor in Annular Flow
230
1
Ripple Waves
231
1
Disturbance Waves
232
3
Empirical Correlations for Interfacial Friction Factor for Vertical Annular Flow
235
2
Flooding Waves and Their Interfacial Friction Factor
237
1
Drift Flux Model for Annular Flow
238
1
Gas Core with Entrained Liquid in Annular Flow
239
2
Liquid Droplet Characteristics
241
1
Liquid Droplet Drag Coefficient
242
2
Separate Field Momentum Equation for the Liquid Droplets
244
1
Entrained Liquid Rate and Entrainment and Deposition Rates
245
3
Closure Equations for Annular Flow with Entrainment
248
4
Heat Transfer in Annular Two-Phase Flow
252
1
Transition from Annular to Mist Flow
253
1
Summary: Annular Flow
254
1
Mist/Dispersed Liquid Droplet Flow
255
3
Summary
258
6
References
258
6
Limiting Mechanism Of Countercurrent Flooding
264
36
Introduction
264
2
Countercurrent Flooding in Simplified Geometries
266
21
Experimental Setups
266
2
Principal Empirical Correlations in Tube Geometries
268
4
Flooding Analysis in Tube Geometries
272
1
Mechanism of Kinematic Waves
273
2
Mechanism of Sudden Change in Wave Motion
275
1
Mechanism of Upward Liquid-Film Flow
276
5
Mechanism of Droplet Entrainment
281
1
Discussion of Flooding Mechanisms
282
1
Flooding in Annular Geometries
283
4
Countercurrent Flooding for Nonequilibrium Thermal Conditions and More Complex Geometries
287
8
Nonequilibrium Thermal Conditions
287
1
Boiling Water Reactor Upper Plenum Reflooding
287
2
Upper Plenum Injection in Pressurized Water Reactors
289
1
Behavior of Core Cooling Injection Ports
290
1
Injection in Downcomer of Pressurized Water Reactors
291
2
Prediction of Countercurrent Flooding in Complex System Computer Codes
293
2
Summary
295
5
References
297
3
Critical Flow
300
56
Introduction
300
1
Single-Phase Flow
301
9
Propagation of Disturbances in a Compressible Gas
301
2
Critical Flow
303
2
Nonideal Compressible Gas Flow
305
1
Critical Flow with Friction
305
1
Nonideal Area and Gas Conditions
306
4
Summary: Single-Phase Critical Flow
310
1
Two-Phase Critical Flow Models
310
16
Homogeneous Equilibrium Critical Flow Models
311
7
Moody Critical Flow Model
318
6
Other Separated Critical Flow Models
324
2
Nonthermal Equilibrium Critical Flow Models
326
7
Frozen Homogeneous Flow
327
2
Henry-Fauske Nonequilibrium Model
329
2
Water Decompression or Pressure Undershoot Nonequilibrium Model
331
2
Other Nonequilibrium Critical Flow Models
333
1
Richter Critical Flow Model
333
4
Critical Flow Models in System Computer Codes
337
3
Applications of Critical Flow Models
340
11
Critical Flow through Pipe Cracks
341
6
Critical Flow through a Small Break in a Horizontal Pipe
347
4
Summary
351
5
References
353
3
The Future Of Two-Phase Flow In Complex Systems
356
13
The Players
356
2
The Complex Systems
358
2
Key Issues in Two-Phase Flow
360
2
Key Issues in Complex System Computer Codes
362
2
The Future of Two-Phase Flow in Complex Systems
364
5
References
368
1
Other Two-Phase-Flow Complex Systems
369
52
Introduction
369
1
Global Climate Change and Global Warming
370
1
Global Average Temperatures
370
1
Global Climate System
371
1
Sun
371
8
Sun Influence over Climate
373
2
Variations in Sun Output Energy
375
1
Uniform Net Radiation: Single-Temperature Model
376
3
Atmosphere
379
16
Atmosphere Components
379
1
Simplified Treatment of Dry Air Vertical Temperature
380
4
Simplified Treatment of Vertical Movement of Air with Moisture
384
2
Clouds
386
2
Aerosols
388
1
Atmosphere Circulation
389
4
Atmosphere General Circulation Models
393
2
Earth
395
11
Oceans
395
6
Snow and Ice
401
1
Land Surface
402
4
Greenhouse Gases
406
10
Carbon Dioxide
406
3
Other Greenhouse Gases
409
2
Radiation Budget
411
1
Radiative Forcing of Greenhouse Gases
412
1
Global Warming Projections
413
3
Summary
416
5
General Comments
416
1
Comments about International Climate Change Program
416
1
An Outsider's Comments
417
2
References
419
2
Index
421