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Tables of Contents for Modern Geometrical Optics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xiii
1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT
1
32
1.1 Geometrical Optics
1
5
1.2 Physical Optics
6
7
1.3 Quantum Optics
13
2
1.4 Optical Materials
15
4
1.5 Nonimaging Applications
19
8
1.5.1 Optical Fibers
19
1
1.5.2 Plane Parallel Plate
20
2
1.5.3 Prisms
22
2
1.5.4 The Rainbow
24
3
Summary
27
2
References
29
1
Problems
29
4
2 INTRODUCTION TO IMAGING SYSTEMS
33
49
2.1 General Requirements for Imaging
33
4
2.2 Plane Mirrors
37
4
2.3 Plane Refracting Surfaces
41
6
2.4 Spherical Mirrors
47
6
2.5 Spherical Refracting Surface
53
6
2.6 Thin Lenses
59
5
2.7 The Fundamental Concept of Imaging
64
2
2.8 Basic Applications
66
7
2.8.1 The Human Eye
66
1
2.8.2 Magnifiers and Eyepieces
67
3
2.8.3 Microscopes
70
2
2.8.4 Telescopes
72
1
Summary
73
3
References
76
1
Problems
76
6
3 PARAXIAL OPTICS I
82
43
3.1 The y-nu Ray Trace
83
5
3.1.1 Sign Convention and Notation
83
1
3.1.2 Ray Tracing Equations
84
2
3.1.3 Finding the Image Size and Position
86
2
3.2 The Ray Trace Table
88
5
3.3 Reflecting Surfaces
93
4
3.4 Cardinal Points
97
10
3.5 Specific Applications
107
6
3.5.1 Two Thin Lenses
107
2
3.5.2 Thick Lenses
109
4
3.6 Optical Invariants
113
3
Summary
116
2
References
118
1
Problems
119
6
4 PARAXIAL OPTICS II
125
42
4.1 Lens Thickness
125
3
4.2 The Aperture Stop
128
2
4.3 Entrance and Exit Pupils
130
4
4.4 The Field Stop
134
2
4.5 Vignetting
136
7
4.6 Chromatic Aberrations
143
9
4.7 Methods for Reducing Chromatic Aberrations
152
3
4.8 Angle and Height Solves
155
3
Summary
158
3
References
161
1
Problems
161
6
5 MATRIX METHODS
167
36
5.1 Paraxial Matrix Equations
167
5
5.2 Properties of the Conjugate Matrix
172
4
5.3 The System Matrix
176
6
5.4 Stops, Pupils, Windows, and Matrices
182
6
5.5 First-Order Layout of a Zoom Lens
188
5
5.6 The y-nu Ray Trace and Matrices
193
2
Summary
195
4
References
199
1
Problems
199
4
6 EXACT RAY TRACING
203
35
6.1 Exact Ray Trace Equations
203
18
6.1.1 Notation for Skew Ray Tracing
204
1
6.1.2 Translation Equations
205
3
6.1.3 Refraction Equations
208
7
6.1.4 Openings
215
3
6.1.5 Checks
218
3
6.2 Image Evaluation
221
8
6.2.1 Spot Diagrams
221
4
6.2.2 Longitudinal Spherical Aberration Plots
225
1
6.2.3 Ray Intercept Plots
226
1
6.2.4 Field Curvature Plots
226
2
6.2.5 Distortion Plots
228
1
Summary
229
5
Reference
234
1
Problems
234
4
7 THIRD-ORDER OPTICS
238
36
7.1 Third-Order Aberration Polynomial
239
3
7.2 Spherical Aberration
242
9
7.3 Coma
251
5
7.4 Astigmatism
256
3
7.5 Petzval Curvature
259
2
7.6 Distortion
261
3
7.7 Real Rays and the Third-Order Aberrations
264
1
Summary
265
4
References
269
1
Problems
270
4
8 FIRST-ORDER DESIGN AND y-XXX Diagrams
274
31
8.1 Analytic Solutions for First-Order Design
274
4
8.2 The y-XXX Diagram
278
3
8.3 Basic Properties of the y-XXX Diagram
281
4
8.4 First-Order System Properties and the y-XXX Diagram
285
8
8.5 Vignetting
293
5
Summary
298
1
References
299
1
Problems
300
5
9 OPTIMIZATION
305
31
9.1 Measuring Performance
306
1
9.2 One-Parameter Case
307
5
9.3 Two-Parameter Case
312
12
9.4 The General Case
324
3
9.5 Constraints
327
4
Summary
331
1
References
332
1
Problems
333
3
10 INTRODUCTION TO LENS DESIGN
336
34
10.1 Design of a Telescope Objective
337
12
10.2 The Landscape Lens
349
8
10.3 The Cooke Triplet
357
9
Summary
366
2
References
368
1
Problems
368
2
APPENDICES
370
65
A Glass Catalog and Map
370
6
B Sign Convention and Notation
376
8
C ROSE.EXE User's Manual
384
18
C.1 Screen Layout and the Main Menu
385
1
C.2 Creating a System
385
3
C.3 Displaying System Data
388
1
C.4 Modifying a System
389
2
C.5 File Handling
391
1
C.6 Paraxial Ray Tracing
392
3
C.7 Third-Order Aberrations
395
1
C.8 Exact Ray Tracing
395
3
C.9 Optimization
398
3
C.10 Thin Lenses
401
1
D Third-Order Optics
402
30
D.1 Derivation of the Aberration Polynomial
402
19
D.2 Thin Lens Formulae
421
11
D.2.1 Spherical Aberration
421
2
D.2.2 Coma
423
3
D.2.3 Astigmatism
426
1
D.2.4 Petzval Curvature
427
1
D.2.5 Distortion
428
2
D.2.6 Axial Color
430
1
D.2.7 Lateral Color
430
2
E Answers to Selected Problems
432
3
INDEX
435