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Tables of Contents for Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
32
1.1 THE ROLE OF THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER
1
6
1.2 THE ROLE OF BALANCE CALCULATIONS
7
4
1.3 REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
11
20
1.3.1 The Conservation Principles
12
2
1.3.2 Chemical Stoichiometry
14
4
1.3.3 Equation-Solving Concepts
18
6
1.3.4 Dimensional Quantities and Their Manipulation
24
7
1.4 PREVIEW OF SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS
31
2
CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL BALANCES IN NONREACTING SYSTEMS
33
73
2.1 FORMULATING THE MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEM
33
16
2.1.1 Material Balance Variables
34
3
2.1.2 Material Balance Equations and Their Properties
37
5
2.1.3 Material Balance Information
42
7
2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEM
49
11
2.2.1 The Degree of Freedom
50
6
2.2.2 Solution Strategy
56
4
2.3 SYSTEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLE UNITS
60
25
2.3.1 Independent Sets of Balance Equations
60
5
2.3.2 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
65
4
2.3.3 Special Multiunit Configurations
69
8
2.3.4 Strategy of Solution
77
8
2.4 SUMMARY
85
21
CHAPTER 3 SPECIES BALANCES IN REACTING SYSTEMS
106
81
3.1 SPECIES BALANCES WITH A SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION
107
17
3.1.1 The Rate of Reaction Concept
109
3
3.1.2 The Limiting Reactant and Conversion
112
2
3.1.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
114
10
3.2 SPECIES BALANCES WITH MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
124
25
3.2.1 Generalized Stoichiometry
126
7
3.2.2 The Fractional Yield
133
4
3.2.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
137
12
3.3 THE ALGEBRA OF MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
149
15
3.3.1 Linear Independence of Reactions
150
4
3.3.2 Determination of Linear Independence
154
7
3.3.3 Independent Specifications
161
3
3.4 SUMMARY
164
23
CHAPTER 4 ELEMENT BALANCES
187
77
4.1 THE ELEMENT BALANCE EQUATIONS
188
21
4.1.1 The Atom Matrix and General Balance Equations
190
6
4.1.2 The Algebra of Element Balances
196
4
4.1.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
200
9
4.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEMENT AND SPECIES BALANCES
209
11
4.2.1 Nonreacting Systems
210
3
4.2.2 Reacting Systems
213
5
4.2.3 The Maximum Number of Independent Reactions
218
2
4.3 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF FOSSIL FUELS
220
16
4.3.1 Fossil Fuels and Their Constituents
220
2
4.3.2 Characterization of Fossil Fuels
222
2
4.3.3 Major Types of Chemical Processing Operations for Fossil Fuels
224
12
4.4 CONVERSION OF ELEMENT BALANCES TO SPECIES BALANCES
236
15
4.4.1 The Relation between Atom Matrix and Reaction Stoichiometry
237
3
4.4.2 Construction of a Set of Independent Reactions
240
5
4.4.3 Application to Systems with Incomplete Stoichiometry
245
6
4.5 SUMMARY
251
13
CHAPTER 5 MATERIAL BALANCES IN PROCESS FLOWSHEETS
264
106
5.1 STRATEGY FOR MANUAL COMPUTATIONS
264
22
5.1.1 Sequencing with Complete Solution
265
2
5.1.2 Sequencing with Partial Solution
267
10
5.1.3 Root-Finding Methods
277
9
5.2 STRATEGY FOR MACHINE COMPUTATIONS
286
58
5.2.1 The Sequential Solution Strategy
286
46
5.2.2 The Simultaneous Solution Strategy
332
12
5.3 SUMMARY
344
26
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY BALANCES
370
29
6.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
371
4
6.2 FORMS OF ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH MASS
375
2
6.3 FORMS OF ENERGY IN TRANSITION
377
3
6.4 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
380
5
6.5 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
385
10
6.5.1 The Basic Closed-System Balance Equation
385
2
6.5.2 Superimposition of Energy Forms
387
3
6.5.3 The General Conservation Equation
390
3
6.5.4 The Enthalpy Function
393
2
6.6 SUMMARY
395
4
CHAPTER 7 ENERGY BALANCES FOR NONREACTING SYSTEMS
399
79
7.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STATE OF A SYSTEM
400
13
7.1.1 The Phase Rule
400
1
7.1.2 Single-Component Systems
401
3
7.1.3 Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems
404
9
7.2 ENERGY BALANCES USING TABULAR THERMODYNAMIC DATA
413
20
7.2.1 The Steam Tables
415
4
7.2.2 Energy Balance Applications: Closed Systems
419
5
7.2.3 Energy Balance Applications: Open Systems
424
9
7.3 ENERGY BALANCES WITHOUT COMPLETE THERMODYNAMIC TABLES
433
25
7.3.1 Heat Capacities
434
11
7.3.2 Heats of Phase Transition
445
7
7.3.3 Enthalpy of Mixtures
452
6
7.4 ANALYSIS OF NONREACTING SYSTEMS
458
10
7.4.1 The Energy Balance Variables
459
1
7.4.2 Properties of the Energy Balance Equations
460
5
7.4.3 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis
465
3
7.5 SUMMARY
468
10
CHAPTER 8 ENERGY BALANCES FOR REACTING SYSTEMS
478
59
8.1 THE HEAT-OF-REACTION CONCEPT
478
2
8.2 HEAT-OF-REACTION CALCULATIONS
480
9
8.2.1 Correction of (XXX)H(R) for T, P, and Phase
481
1
8.2.2 Heats of Formation and Their Use
482
4
8.2.3 Heats of Combustion and Their Use
486
3
8.3 ENERGY BALANCES WITH SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION
489
7
8.3.1 The Single-Input/Single-Output Case
489
3
8.3.2 Alternate Forms of the Balance Equation
492
4
8.4 ENERGY BALANCES WITH MULTIPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
496
4
8.5 ENERGY BALANCES WITH UNKNOWN STOICHIOMETRY
500
10
8.6 DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ANALYSIS
510
13
8.6.1 Single-Unit Systems
510
1
8.6.2 Multiunit Systems
511
12
8.7 SUMMARY
523
14
CHAPTER 9 MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES IN PROCESS FLOWSHEETS
537
98
9.1 STRATEGY FOR MANUAL CALCULATIONS
539
34
9.1.1 The Single-Unit Case
540
12
9.1.2 The Multiunit Case
552
21
9.2 STRATEGY FOR MACHINE COMPUTATIONS
573
40
9.2.1 The Sequential Solution Strategy
574
18
9.2.2 The Simultaneous Solution Strategy
592
21
9.3 SUMMARY
613
22
APPENDIX PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA
635
38
INDEX
673