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Tables of Contents for Japanese Economic History, 1930-1960
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Economic Development in the 1930's
1
15
The Course of Economic Recovery After 1045
16
15
The Reconstruction of the Monetary and Banking Systems
31
20
Agriculture, Forestry, and the Fisheries
51
19
Industrial Reconstruction
70
10
The Textile Industries
80
13
The Engineering Industries
93
17
Iron and Steel, Fuel and Power, and Some Miscellaneous Trades
110
17
The Zaibatsu in the Post-War Economy
127
18
Industrial Relations and the Rise of Trade Unions
145
18
The Problem of Foreign Trade
163
18
Achievements and Prospects
181
25
Statistical Appendix
Population
191
1
Industrial Distribution of Occupied Population
191
1
Agricultural Employment
192
1
Indices of Agricultural and Fishery Production
192
1
Indices of Industrial Production
193
1
Indices of Production of Certain Manufactured Goods
193
1
Output of Certain Industrial Products
194
1
Textile Yarn and Fibre Production
194
1
Textile Fabrics Production
195
1
Textile Equipment
195
1
Changes in Structure of Manufacturing Industry
196
1
Size Distribution of Establishments in Manufacturing Industry
197
1
Volume and Value of Foreign Trade
197
1
The Structure of the Export Trade
198
1
The Structure of the Import Trade
199
1
Changes in Markets and Sources of Imports
199
1
Textile Exports
200
1
Transport
200
1
Wholesale Price Index
201
1
Index of Real Wages in Manufacturing Industry
201
1
Monthly Wages According to Size of Factory in 1954
202
1
Index of Household Consumption
202
1
American Aid and Special Procurement
203
1
Foreign Currency Holdings
203
1
Public Finance
204
1
Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product
205
1
Select Bibliography
206
5
Index
211
294
Foreword
vii
Author's Preface
xi
A Decade of Preparation
1
47
The Pattern of Control
10
2
Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade
12
4
Control of Capital and Credit
16
4
The Role of the Bank of Japan
20
2
Production and Distribution Control
22
6
The ``New Economic Structure''
28
5
The ``Co-Prosperity'' Sphere
33
13
The Opportunity
46
2
War Years-Overview
48
62
The Administrative Structure
58
8
The Eidans
66
3
The Drive for More Effective Control
69
5
The Munitions Ministry
74
11
Financing the War
85
12
The Trend of Prices
97
3
Consolidation and Rationalization
100
4
Causes of the Debacle
104
6
Pillars of the Economy
110
83
Steel
114
19
Oil
133
14
Light Metals
147
13
Coal
160
12
Electric Power
172
8
Chemicals
180
13
The Tools of War
193
78
Machine Tools
201
7
Aircraft
208
25
Ordnance
233
13
Motor Vehicles
246
4
Ships
250
21
Mobilizing Manpower
271
82
The Nature of the Controls
276
6
The Labor ``Front''
282
5
Population, Civilian Labor and Armed Forces
287
6
Labor in Agriculture
293
3
Industrial Labor Force
296
8
The Labor Mobilization Plans
304
13
Conscription
317
10
Wages
327
13
Hours
340
7
Productivity and Efficiency
347
6
The Civilian Sector
353
64
Food
384
3
Clothing and Textiles
387
21
Shelter
408
2
Miscellaneous Civilian Supplies
410
7
The Economy Under Occupation
417
88
The Reparations Problem
419
8
Dissolution of the Zaibatsu
427
9
Labor Reform
436
6
Land Reform
442
5
The Trend of the Economy
447
1
Inflation
448
20
Production
468
24
Foreign Trade
492
9
Prospects for Recovery
501
4
Appendix: Charts 1-17
505
20
Indices
525
Synopsis
ix
Introduction
xix
Competition in World Markets
1
44
Japan
45
136
Brief History of Japanese Industrialization
45
19
Present Conditions
64
88
National policy in its effects upon industrial development
Distinctive features of industrial organization, finance, and labour
Population, raw materials, and food-supplies
Japan's Industrial Future
152
29
China
181
59
Brief History of Chinese Industrialization
181
17
Government Policy Towards Industry
198
30
National Industrial Policy
General characteristics of labour and industry
Chinese and foreign-owned factories
China's Industrial Future
228
12
India
240
67
Brief History of Indian Industrialization
240
12
Present Conditions
252
40
The organization and finance of large-scale industries and the role of foreign capital
The industrial policy of the Government
The cotton mill, and iron and steel industries
Characteristics and problems of industrial labour
India's Industrial Future
292
15
India's competitive position and industrial potentialities
Political factors affecting India's industrial future
Great Britain
307
39
Historical Note on British Industrial Development in the Nineteenth Century
307
6
Post-War Conditions in the Exporting Industries
313
21
Reactions on the Social Structure: Unemployment and the Distressed Areas
334
12
The Effects of Eastern Industrialization Upon Trade Relationships in the British Commonwealth
346
17
Conclusions: an economist's comment
363
9
T. E. Gregory
Bibliography
372
7
Index
379
306
Preface
v
The Role of War in the Development of Japanese Capitalism
1
14
The Wartime Capacity and Adaptability of the Japanese Economy
15
10
The Reorganization of the Japanese Economy: Factors and Trends
25
11
Japanese Continental Policy and the East Asia Economic Bloc
36
7
Some Basic Problems of Asiatic Continental Development
43
12
The Question of Capital for the Economic Development of China
55
10
Continental Markets for Japanese Heavy Industry
65
7
Recent Chances in the Composition of Japanese Industry
72
11
The Development of the Machine-Tool Industry in Japan
83
10
The Importance of Labor-Power in Mechanical Industry
93
6
Recent Changes in Labor Employment in Japanese Industry
99
6
The Effects of Industrial Changes on Japanese Foreign Trade
105
9
From Semi-Wartime to Wartime Control of the Iron and Steel Industry
114
18
Some Problems in the Wartime Control of the Coal Industry
132
12
The ``National Policy'' Companies: A New Factor in Japanese Industrial Life
144
11
Recent Activities of Japanese Capital in China
155
13
Wartime Changes in Sino-Japanese Trade and Growth of the Yen-Bloc Trade
168
10
The Position of North China in Sino-Japanese Economic Relations
178
39
The Industrial Development Program in Manchoukuo
217
10
Japanese Investment in Manchoukuo
227
Preface
iii
PART I INTRODUCTORY
The Land and the People
1
9
Geographical and Political
1
2
The People of Japan
3
7
Productive Population
4
2
Urban Concentration of the Population
6
1
Population and Food
7
3
Historical Background
10
8
The Feudal Economy
10
5
The Imperial Regime
15
3
Rise of Industrialism
18
11
Development of Industrial Employment
18
11
Economic Structure of Modern Japan
29
14
Raw Materials
29
6
Cocoon
29
2
Cotton
31
1
Coal
31
1
Oil
32
1
Iron
32
1
Copper
33
1
Miscellaneous
33
2
Shortage of Raw Materials and Foreign Trade
35
1
Capital
36
2
Communications
38
2
Railway and Road Transport
38
1
Shipping
39
1
Power Resources
40
3
PART II INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
The Development of the Problem of Industrial Relations
43
27
Influx of New Ideas
43
3
The ``Family System'' on Trial
46
2
Increase of Labour Disputes
48
5
Nature of Labour Disputes
53
8
Wages
56
1
Hours of Work
57
1
Collective Bargaining and the Right of Association
58
1
Discharge Allowances
59
1
Other Causes of Disputes
60
1
Frequency of Disputes in Various Industries
61
1
Influence of Trade Unions on Labour Disputes
62
2
Tactics in the Conduct of Disputes
64
2
Results of Disputes
66
1
Infringement of Law during Labour Disputes
67
3
Employers' Organisations
70
16
Importance of Organisations of Capital
70
3
Craft Guilds and the Early Formation of Legal Associations
73
3
Free Associations
76
1
Kon-wa Kai or ``Friendly Talk Societies''
77
1
Concerted Action among Employers
78
3
Account of Leading Employers' Organisations
The Japan Industrial Club (Nihon Kogyo Club)
81
1
The Japan Cotton Spinners' Association (Dai Nihon Boseki Rengo Kai)
82
1
The Japan Shipowners' Association (Nihon Senshu Kyokai)
83
1
The Federation of Coal-Mine Owners (Sekitan Kogyo Rengo Kai)
84
1
The Osaka Industrial Society (Osaka Kogyo Kai)
84
1
The Industrial Friendship Society (Koshin Kai)
85
1
Trade Unionism
86
13
Origins and Development
86
1
The Older Guilds
87
1
Early Trade Unions
The First Period (1880-1894)
88
1
The Second Period (1895-1900)
89
2
The Third Period (1900-1912)
91
1
Rise of Modern Trade Unions (1912-1919)
91
2
Period of Consolidation (1920-1924)
93
4
Period of Political Influences (1926-1931)
97
2
Trade Unionism (continued)
99
19
Tendencies and Structure of Japanese Trade Unions
99
5
Right Wing Unions
104
4
The General Federation of Japanese Labour (Nihon Rodo Sodomei)
105
1
The Japan Seamen's Union (Nihon Kaiin Kumiai)
106
1
The Federation of Naval Arsenal Workers' Unions (Kaigun Rodo Kumiai Renmei)
107
1
The Federation of Workers in State Undertakings (Kangyo Rodo Sodomei)
107
1
Mercantile Marine Officers' Association (Kaiin Kyokai)
107
1
Other Right Wing Unions
108
1
Left Wing Unions
108
2
National Free Federation of Trade Unions (Zenkoku Rodo Kumiai Jiyu Rengokai)
109
1
General Council of Japanese Trade Unions (Nihon Rodo Kumiai So-Hyogi Kai)
110
1
Centre Group
110
2
National Alliance of Trade Unions (Zenkoku Rodo Kumiai Domei)
111
1
Confederation of Japanese Trade Unions (Nihon Rodo Kumiai Sorengo)
111
1
Japanese Trade Unions and Political Action
112
3
Trade Union Statistics
115
3
Industrial Conciliation
118
17
The Labour Disputes Conciliation Act
118
8
Field of Application
119
1
Conciliation Boards
120
3
Administrative Machinery
123
1
Results of the Application of the Act
123
3
Works Committees
126
3
The Joint Maritime Board (Kaiji Kyodo Kai)
129
2
The Kyocho Kai, or ``Harmonisation Society''
131
4
PART III LABOUR LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION
Labour Legislation
135
14
Labour Legislation before 1919
135
5
Existing Labour Legislation
140
9
Factories
140
4
Mines
144
1
Seafaring
144
1
Other Employments
145
1
Employment Exchanges
146
1
Social Insurance
146
1
Trade Unionism
146
1
Miscellaneous
147
2
Labour Administration
149
10
The Bureau of Social Affairs
150
4
Other Central Authorities for Labour Administration
154
1
Local Administrative Authorities
154
2
Inspection of Factory and Mining Labour
156
3
PART IV CONDITIONS OF WORK
Recruitment, Employment and Discharge of Workers
159
15
Recruitment
159
6
Admission to Employment and Apprenticeship
165
3
Works Regulations
168
2
Discharge of Workers
170
4
Hours of Work, Night Work and Best Periods
174
18
Factories
174
12
Hours of Work
174
5
Overtime
179
2
Breaks and Rest Days
181
4
Night Work
185
1
Mines
186
5
Hours of Work
186
2
Overtime
188
1
Breaks and Rest Days
188
2
Night Work
190
1
Transport and Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Services
191
1
Wages and Cost of Living
192
32
Legal Provisions
192
2
Current Methods of Wags Payment
194
6
Actual Wages
200
6
Factories
201
3
Mines
204
1
Transport and Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Services
205
1
Wages and Cost of Living
206
6
Family Budgets
212
12
Industrial Accidents, Accident Compensation and Mutual Aid
224
19
Industrial Accidents
224
5
Accidents in Factories
224
3
Accidents in Mines
227
2
Accident Compensation
229
7
Legal Provisions
229
4
Compensation Paid
233
1
Additional Allowances
233
3
Mutual Aid Societies
236
7
State-Owned Undertakings
236
3
Privately-Owned Undertakings
239
4
Health and Safety of Workers
243
26
Health Conditions in Factories and Mines
243
13
Sickness among Factory Workers
243
4
Sickness among Mining Workers
247
1
Occupational Diseases and Compensation
248
5
Health Legislation
253
2
Dormitory Regulations
255
1
Special Protection of Young Workers
256
1
Safety Legislation
256
6
Development of Safety Regulations
256
1
Safety Regulations for Factories
257
1
Safety Regulations for Mines
258
2
Special Safety Regulations for Coal-Mines
260
1
Special Regulations for Dormitories
261
1
Special Protection of Women and Young Persons
261
1
Popular Safety Movements
262
7
Social Insurance
269
20
Origins of Health Insurance in Japan
269
1
Provisions of the Health Insurance Act
270
4
Working of the Health Insurance Act
274
9
Insurance Institutions
274
1
Organisation of Medical Benefit
275
3
Finance
278
1
Preventive Measures and Supervision
279
1
Attitude of Employers, Workers and Doctors
279
4
Seamen's Insurance
283
2
Post Office Insurance and Annuities
285
4
PART V UNEMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION
Unemployment
289
14
Extent of Unemployment
289
4
National Unemployment Census
291
1
Monthly Estimates of Unemployment
292
1
Legislative and Other Measures to Deal with Unemployment
293
10
Unemployment Relief
293
3
Unemployment Relief for Scamen
296
1
Public Employment Exchanges
296
4
Seamen's Employment Exchanges
300
2
Fee-Charging Employment Exchanges
302
1
Migration
303
12
Development of Japanese Emigration
303
4
Legislative and Other Measures for the Encouragement of Emigration
307
3
Extent of Emigration
310
2
Internal Migration and Colonial Settlement
312
3
PART VI WORKERS' WELFARE, EDUCATION AND CO-OPERATION
Welfare
315
18
Welfare Measures In and Around the Factor
316
10
Hygiene and Food
316
3
Dormitory System
319
4
Medical Treatment
323
1
Education and Recreation
324
1
Company Shops
325
1
Bonuses and Savings
326
3
Welfare Funds and Societies
329
4
Workers' Education
333
16
General Education
334
3
Social and Adult Education
337
2
Workers' Education Organised by Private Institutions or by Employers and Worker's
339
10
Private Institutions
339
2
Employers
341
2
Workers
343
6
Co-operation
349
20
The Law and Co-operation
349
2
Development of Co-operative Societies
351
10
General
351
3
Co-operative Credit Societies
354
1
Co-operative Selling or Marketing Societies
355
1
Co-operative Buying Societies
356
1
Co-operative Stores
357
1
Co-operative Utility Societies
358
2
Federations of Co-operative Societies
360
1
Workers' Co-operative Societies
361
8
Conclusion
369
14
APPENDICES
I. Conspectus of Labour Legislation
383
18
II. Bibliography
401
Acknowledgment
i
Preface to the Original
v
PART I AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY
1
104
The Meiji Restoration and Agriculture (1868-1912)
3
24
Japanese Agriculture from the Pre-World War I Period to the Post-Depression Period of the Showa Era (1913-40)
27
19
Wartime Japanese Agriculture (1941-45)
46
17
Progress of the war economy and the decline in agricultural productivity
46
8
Food economy and changes in rural communities
54
9
Economic Rehabilitation and Agriculture after the War (1946-54)
63
25
Economic rehabilitation and land reform
63
10
Development of agriculture and improvement of the farm household economy
73
11
Democratization of rural organization
84
4
Agricultural Problems in a Rapidly Growing Economy (1956-62)
88
17
High rate of economic growth and agricultural problems
88
5
The development of commercial agriculture and changes in the agricultural structure
93
12
PART II AGRICULTURE AND LEGISLATION
105
192
Introduction and Summary Review of Agricultural Policies in Japan
107
12
Agricultural administration in the immediate post-restoration period
107
3
The development of agricultural administration in the Meiji period
110
1
Agricultural administration in the Taisho and Showa periods
111
2
Agricultural administration during the War
113
2
Agricultural administration after the War
115
4
Modernization of the Land Tenure System
119
30
Breakdown of the feudal land tenure system and the rise of private landowners
120
5
The increasing influence of landowners and land legislation
125
2
Wavering of the power of landowners, increasing tenancy disputes and land legislation
127
7
The decline of the importance of landlords and land legislation
134
10
Collapse of large landowners' influence
144
5
Measures for the Encouragement, Control, and Protection of Agriculture
149
32
The policy for the encouragement of agriculture in the early Meiji Era
149
10
Agricultural improvements from the middle period of the Meiji Era, and the authoritarian agricultural administration
159
8
The development of protective policy for agriculture
167
7
Wartime efforts for production increases of foodstuffs and the keynote of postwar agricultural policy
174
7
Food Problem and Rice Policies
181
30
Food economy in the Meiji Era
181
5
Increased food problems and the Rice Law
186
3
Agricultural crisis and the Rice Control Law
189
7
The wartime food problem and the strengthened food control system
196
5
The food problem and food control administration after World War II
201
10
The Policy for Marketing and Pricing of Silk
211
11
The Policy for Marketing and Pricing of Fertilizer
222
10
Local Government and Systems of Water Utilization and Land Improvement
232
15
The transition of local government
232
3
The system of water utilization
235
3
The development of the organization of land improvement
238
9
The System of Finance and Insurance and Agricultural Organization
247
39
Readjustment and reorganization of agricultural organization
247
15
The development of the system of agricultural finance
262
13
The agricultural insurance system
275
11
The Enactment of the Agricultural Basic Law
286
11
Demands for enactment of the Agricultural Basic Law
286
3
The enactment of the Agricultural Basic Law
289
4
The contents of the Agricultural Basic Law
293
4
PART III AGRICULTURE AND TECHNIQUE
297
294
Instruction and Encouragement in Agriculture
299
19
The introduction of western farming methods and the employment of services of veteran farmers
299
3
The establishment of the official instruction system
302
5
The expansion of the rice and wheat improvement program
307
2
The national instruction network
309
2
The agricultural crisis and wartime-agriculture
311
3
The rehabilitation of agriculture and new developments
314
4
The Development of Research Institutions
318
13
Establishment of model farms for western farming methods
318
3
The establishment and specialization of agricultural experiment stations
321
3
National organizations for research and experiment
324
4
Experiment and research institutions after the War
328
3
The Establishment and Development of Agricultural Education
331
15
The dawn of agricultural education
331
4
The establishment of the school system and the progress in agricultural education
335
6
The new school system and agricultural education
341
5
Improvement of Rice Cultural Techniques
346
19
Rice culture at the Meiji Restoration
346
6
An advance in rice culture
352
4
Substantiation of rice crop
356
3
A leap forward in rice culture
359
6
Development of a Fertilizer-Consuming Rice Culture
365
23
Establishment of a fertilizer-consuming rice culture
365
9
The second stage of the increased use of commercial fertilizer
374
3
Postwar improvement in soil fertility conservation and fertilizer application
377
11
Land Improvement Projects
388
22
The initiation of land improvement projects
388
10
Development of large-scale irrigation and drainage projects
398
6
Increased food production and land improvement projects
404
6
Improvement in Farm Machinery and Farm Implements and Their Popularization
410
13
Development of hand implements
411
2
Improvement of power farm machinery and farm implements
413
5
Progress in farm mechanization
418
5
Disease and Insect Pest Control
423
12
The start of disease and insect pest control
423
3
Systematization of disease and insect pest control measures
426
3
The appearance of new effective agricultural chemicals
429
2
Major rice diseases and insect pests
431
4
The Northward Expansion of Rice Cultivation-Development of Rice Growing in Hokkaido
435
13
The introduction of rice cultivation into Hokkaido
435
3
Improvement and development of rice cultivation
438
3
Unrest in rice cultivation
441
4
Advancement of rice cultivation
445
3
Development of Paddy Rice Productivity
448
31
A macro-analysis of paddy rice productivity development
449
17
Changing level of rice yield per 10 ares in representative prefectures
466
6
Differentials and deviations in rice productivity
472
7
Changes in Upland Crop Growing
479
30
Changes in upland crop growing in Japan except Hokkaido
479
18
The development of upland crop production in Hokkaido
497
12
Progress of Fruit Farming Techniques
509
19
History of fruit farming
509
5
Progress of fruit farming techniques
514
7
New development in fruit growing
521
7
The Development of Tea Industry
528
13
Trend in tea cultivation
528
2
Trends in processing
530
6
The tea trade
536
5
The Technical Developments in the Raw Silk Industry
541
25
The raw silk industry, its rise and growth
541
8
From prosperity to adjustment and rationalization
549
9
From reconstruction to structural improvement
558
8
The Development of the Livestock Industry and its Bottlenecks
566
25
The dawn of the livestock industry
566
5
The encouragement of horse breeding and improvement of indigenous cattle
571
5
Mixed farming and livestock for military purposes
576
10
The recovery of the livestock industry
586
5
Appendix Some Comparisons of Rice Cultivation in Japan and Southeast Asia
591
22
Climate during the rice-growing period, and productivity
592
10
Characteristics of rice cultivation
602
8
Physiological and genetic position of the Japonica, type of rice
610
3
PART IV THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JAPANESE EXPERIENCE
613
72
Preface
615
2
Introduction
617
4
Agriculture in Japan: The historical pattern of development
621
8
Agricultural development and general economic growth in Japan
629
10
Significant aspects of Japanese agricultural development
639
38
Conclusion
677
8
Appendix statistics of Japanese agricultural development
682
3
Literature Cited
685
Foreword
ix
Some Problems of the New Japan
1
3
The Pressure of Population
4
22
The Increasing Population
The Historical Background of the Population Growth
The Static Population of the Tokugawa Period
Famines of the Tokugawa Period
Poor Administration of the Country
Low Birth Rate of Tokugawa Period
The Hampering Restrictions of Feudalism
Rapid Growth of Population with Opening of Japan
No Decline in Death Rate
Increase in the Birth Rate
Increase in Food Supply
More Efficient Use of Land through Agricultural Specialization
Increase in Production through Breaking Down of Feudalism
New Occupations of Modern Period
The Search for a Solution
26
23
Expansion and Intensification of Agriculture
The Reclamation of Land
Improvements in Farming Methods
The Mechanization of Agriculture
Possibilities of a Change in Diet
Population Relief through Emigration
Migrations to Hokkaido
Karafuto
Korea
Formosa
Manchuria
Emigration to Foreign Countries
Emigration to Brazil
Birth Control
Industrialization
The Industrial Background
49
24
The Principal Manufacturing Industries
The Use of Wood
Industrial Processes
The Small Establishments
The Location of the Principal Industries
The Art Industries
The Pottery Industry
The Iron and Steal Industry
The Copper Industry
The Making of Textiles
The Kyoto Industrial Center
The Unimportance of Foreign Trade
A Comparison of Japan and Eighteenth Century England
The Beginning of Industrialization: Communications
73
16
The Triumph of the Machine
The Japanese Defense
The Need of Developing Trade and Manufacturing
Government Initiative in Westernization
Scarcity of Capital
The Inadequate Industrial Background
Building of Railways
The Nationalization of the Railways
The Telegraph
The Telephone
Shipbuilding
The New Shipyards
The Merchant Marine
The Beginning of Industrialization: Manufacturing
89
22
Government Assistance
Foreign Experts
The Industrialization of Cotton Spinning
The Weaving of Cloth
The Reeling of Raw Silk
The Export of Silkworm Eggs
The Tomioka Filature
The Mining Industry
The Iron and Steel Industry
The Imperial Steel Works
The Preparation of Tea
The Rubber Industry
The Match Industry
The Brewing Industry
The Making of Paper
The Chemical Industry
Principal Manufacturing Industries
111
9
Measures of the Relative Importance of Industries
The Leading Manufacturing Industries
The Textile Industries
The Reeling of Silk
Cotton Spinning
Cotton Weaving
The Other Major Industries
The Industrial Districts: The Raw Silk Area
120
12
The Concentration of Silk Reeling
Factors Locating the Raw Silk Industry
The Rearing of Cocoons
Topography and Soil
Climate
Labor
The Suwa District
The Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Industrial Center
132
23
The Importance of Transportation
The Osaka Area
The Development of Osaka
Advantages for Manufacturing
The Principal Manufacturing Industries
The Textile Industries
The Fabrication of Iron and Steel
The Kobe Area
The Advantages and Disadvantages for Manufacturing
The Principal Manufacturing Industries
The Kyoto Area
The Principal Industries
The Other Industrial Centers
155
27
The Tokyo
Yokohama Center
The Principal Manufacturing Industries
The Metal Industries
The Textile Industries
The Nagoya Center
Transportation Facilities
The Textile Industries
The Pottery Industry
Minor Centers of the Nagoya Area
The Northern Kyushu Industrial Center
Advantages for Manufacturing
The Principal Manufacturing Industries
The Imperial Steel Works
Other Industries of the Kyushu Center
The Minor Manufacturing Regions of Japan
Shizuoka
East and West Coasts of Honshiu
Hokkaido
The Measure of Industrialization
182
27
The Importance of Agriculture
The Increase in Number of Factory Workers
The Small Size of the Industrial Establishments
The Prevalence of the Contract System
The Making of Lanterns and Umbrellas
The Geta Industry
Pottery, Brushes, Cutlery and Silk Cloth
The Organization of the Cloth Industry
The Progress of Factory Development
209
22
The Importance of Silk Reeling in Industrial Progress
The Minor Importance of the Silk Weaving Industry
The Growth of Cotton Spinning
The Position of Cotton Weaving
The Weakness of the iron and Steel Industry
Consumption of Power
The Poor Reputation of Japanese Goods
The Activities of the Trade Associations
Foreign Trade as a Measure of Industrialization
The Effects of the World War on Industrialization
231
11
The Expansion of Industry
The Postwar Depression
The Textile Industries
The Iron and Steel Industry
A Summary of Japanese Industrial Development
Capital and Mechanical Skill
242
18
The Scarcity of Capital
The High Interest Rate
The Effects of the Scarcity of Capital on Industry
The Use of Old Equipment
The Absence of a Mechanical Background
The Dependence on Foreign Machinery
Japanese Industrial Inventions
The Organization of Japanese Factories
The Inefficiency of the Silk Industry
Raw Materials and Water Power
260
16
Raw Materials for the Textile Industries
Raw Cotton
Wool and Minor Fibres
Timber Resources
Water Power
Mineral Resources
Copper
Other Non-ferrous Metals
Sulphur
Clay and Sand
Chemical Materials
The Iron Ore and Fuel Resources of the Japanese Empire
276
16
Iron Ore Resources
Iron Sands
Coal Resources
The Distribution of the Deposits
The Scarcity of Coking Coal
Petroleum Resources
Korea as a Source of Iron Ore and Coal
Manchuria as a Source of Raw Materials
292
20
Japanese Expansion in Manchuria
Manchuria as a Source of Food
The Iron Ore Resources
The Penhsihu Iron Works
The Anshan Iron Works
The Fushun Colliery
The Marketing of Anshan Pig Iron
Other Iron Ore and Coal Resources
Other Raw Material Industries
Summary
China as a Source of Iron Ore and Fuel
312
27
Coal Resources
Iron Ore Resources
The Hanyehp'ing Iron and Coal Company
The Hanyang Iron Works
The P'inghsiang Colliery
The Tayeh Iron Mine
The Tayeh Blast Furnaces
Summary of Japanese Relations with Hanyehp'ing Company
Other Iron Ore Deposits of China
The Penetration of Japanese Capital into China
Japan's Search for Iron Ore in Other Lands
The Malay Peninsula
Australasia
India
Philippine Islands
Summary
The Labor Supply
339
23
The Scarcity of Factory Labor
The Recruiting of Labor
Labor Piracy
Labor Turnover
Unemployment
The Cheapness of Labor
The Level of Wages
Wages in Relation to the Cost of Living
Labor Costs
Disadvantages of the Dormitory System
Discharge Allowance
Paternalism in Japanese Industry
The Efficiency of Labor
362
20
The Effect of Low Wages
The Effect of Long Hours
Night Work for Women and Children
The Relative Efficiency of the Japanese Worker
Efficiency in Cotton
Spinning
Efficiency in Cotton Weaving
Efficiency in Other Industries
Possible Increases in Efficiency through Shorter Hours
Increases in Efficiency through Improved Machinery
The Development of a Labor Movement
382
21
The Pressure of International Standards
The Background of the Labor Movement
The Yuai Kai
The Present Labor Movement
Obstacles to the Labor Movement
The Household Industries
The Influence of Paternalism
Government Suppression of the Labor Movement
Internal Dissension in the Labor Movement
The Political Labor Movement
The Changing Status of Labor
403
16
The Factory Acts of 1911 and 1923
Other Social Legislation
Present Aims of Labor
The Upward Trend of Wages
The Contributions of Labor to Rationalized Industry
The Dependence of Industrialization Upon Foreign Trade
419
29
The Unfavorable Balance of Trade
Dominant Position of Raw Materials in the Import Trade
The Importance of Semi-manufactures in the Export Trade
The Threats to the Raw Silk Exports
The Increasing Importance of Cotton Goods Exports
Cotton Trade with China
Obstacles to Japanese Cotton Trade with India
Possible Markets for Expansion of Japanese Cotton Trade
Other Export Industries
Analysis of Markets for Japanese Exports
448
33
The American Market
The Asia Market
The Anti-Japanese Boycotts in China
The Tatsu Maru Episode
The Boycott of 1909
The Boycott against the Twenty-one Demands
The Shantung Issue and the 1919 Boycott
Political and Economic Effects of the 1919 Boycott
The 1921 Boycott
The Boycott of 1923
The Tsingtao Incident of 1927
The Tsinan Incident in 192s
The Cost of the Boycotts to the Chinese
Summary of Effectiveness of the Boycotts
China's Tariff Autonomy
Trade with the Rest of Asia
British Indian Trade
Other Possible Markets for Japanese Exports
The Outlook for the Future
481
9
The Yellow Industrial Peril
An Oriental Industrial Revolution
A New Policy toward China
List of Principal Sources
490
3
Index
493
434
Introduction
Government Policy and Recovery in Japan
3
38
E. B. Schumpeter
Part I POPULATION AND RAW MATERIALS
The Population of the Japanese Empire
41
39
E. B. Schumpeter
The Significance of Declining and Expanding Populations
41
4
The Interpretation of Japanese Statistics
45
3
Japan's Population before the Restoration of 1868
48
5
A Comparison with Population Growth in the West
53
7
Relative Densities of Population
60
3
The Occupational Distribution of the Japanese People
63
3
Emigration and Immigration
66
14
JAPAN 1920-1936
E. F. Penrose
Mortality, Reproduction, and Rate of Increase of the Population since 1920
80
36
The Pitfalls of Japanese Vital Statistics
80
2
Methods of Measuring Mortality
82
3
The Fall of Mortality in Post-War Japan
85
2
Comparison between Japanese and Western Mortality
87
5
Falling Reproduction Rates
92
5
Gross Reproduction Rates
97
2
Net Reproduction Rates
99
3
Intrinsic Rates of Natural Increase
102
2
Future Tendencies
104
12
Characteristics of Japanese Agriculture
116
15
The Limited Significance of Comparative Land Areas
116
3
Paddy Fields and the Two Crop System
119
2
The Importance of Food Crops
121
3
The Relative Position of Japanese Agriculture in the Post-War Period
124
7
Sources of Tables 19-96 (Chapters III-VIII)
127
4
Rice Culture in the Japanese Economy
131
23
Rice in the Post-War Period
132
6
Rice Area, Production, Yields and Consumption
138
6
Conclusions on Rice Policy
144
10
Foodstuffs Other than Rice
154
34
Barley and Wheat
154
5
Vegetables
159
2
Fruits
161
2
Fisheries
163
5
Animal Foodstuffs
168
2
Sugar and Tea
170
1
Conclusions on Food Supply
171
17
Forestry Resources
188
17
The Large Forest Area of Japan
188
3
The Supply of Timber
191
5
The Supply of Wood Pulp
196
9
Textile Raw Materials
205
20
Raw Silk
205
5
Cotton and Wool
210
5
Rayon
215
10
Mineral and Miscellaneous Raw Materials
225
46
Fertilizers
225
3
Mineral Raw Materials
228
1
The Non-Ferrous Metals
229
3
Iron and Steel
232
5
Coal, Oil, Electricity and Gas
237
4
Rubber and Other Agricultural Raw Materials
241
2
Population and Raw Materials 1920 to 1936
243
28
JAPAN, KOREA AND MANCHUKUO 1936-1940
E. B. Schumpeter
Food Supply and Agricultural Raw Materials in the Japanese Empire and Manchukuo
271
55
The Possibilities of a Yen Bloc Economy
271
5
The Food Supply in Japan
276
8
The Growth of Population in Japan
284
3
The Food Supply in Korea and Formosa
287
12
Agriculture in Manchukuo
299
6
Meat, Hides and Wool in the Yen Bloc
305
6
Silk, Cotton, Timber, and Pulp in the Yen Bloc
311
15
The Chemical Resources of the Japanese Empire and Manchukuo
326
36
The Interdependence of Chemistry, Electricity and Metallurgy
326
2
The Interdependence of Peace and War Industries
328
2
The Electric Power Industry in Japan
330
4
The Chemical Fertilizers
334
10
The Industrial Chemicals, Dyestuffs and Explosives
344
18
The Mineral Resources of the Japanese Empire and Manchukuo
362
115
The Influence of Technological Developments
362
6
The Mineral Output of Formosa and Korea
368
8
The Economic Development of Manchukuo after 1931
376
11
Mineral Development and Government Policy in Manchukuo
387
31
Coal and Oil in the Yen Bloc
418
21
Iron and Steel in the Yen Bloc
439
11
The Non-Ferrous Metals in the Yen Bloc
450
27
Part II JAPANESE INDUSTRY: ITS ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT TO 1937
G. C. Allen
Introduction: Recent Changes in the Composition of Industry
477
14
The Traditional Trades: Some Typical Forms of Organization
491
20
A Classification of Industrial Forms
491
4
The Background of the Traditional Trades
495
2
Provision for Everyday Wants
497
7
Localized Traditional Industries
504
7
The Traditional Trades: The Structure of the Silk and Pottery Industries
511
32
Sericulture and Silk Reeling
511
9
Silk Weaving
520
16
Pottery
536
7
Small Scale Organization in the Newer Trades
543
24
Electric Lamp Manufacture
544
5
Bicycle Manufacture
549
4
The Hosiery Trade
553
5
Miscellaneous Small Scale Trades
558
9
The Large Scale Textile Industries
567
29
Japan's Large Scale Industries
567
1
The Cotton Industry
568
18
The Woollen and Worsted Industry
586
10
The Heavy Industries
596
29
The Iron and Steel Industry
596
8
Mining
604
4
The Engineering and Shipbuilding Industries
608
9
Miscellaneous Large Scale Trades
617
2
The General Character of the Industrial Organization
619
6
The Concentration of Economic Control
625
22
The Rise in Productive Efficiency
647
33
The Causes of the Recent Industrial Expansion
647
2
Technical Progress in the Cotton Industry
649
8
Technical Progress in Other Textile Trades and in Pottery Manufacture
657
5
The Rise of Efficiency in the Metallurgical and Mining Trades
662
8
The Fall of Costs in the Cement, Paper and Chemical Trades
670
6
A General Estimate of the Technical Advance
676
4
The Development of Industrial Combinations
680
48
The Sphere of Competition in Japan
680
3
The Retreat from Competition
683
3
The State and Industrial Combination
686
5
The Growth of Trusts and Syndicates
691
8
Cartels and Their Conflicts
699
11
Curtailment Schemes in the Textile Trades
710
18
Cartels under the Major Industries Control Law
719
4
Other Cartels
723
1
Associations in the Fishery Industry
724
1
Notes on List of Cartels and Associations
725
3
Economic Policy: Public Enterprise, Tariffs and Subsidies
728
13
State Enterprises
728
3
Subsidies
731
4
Tariff Policy
735
6
Economic Policy: State Intervention in Industrial Organization
741
186
State Control Before 1929
741
4
Political Changes and Economic Policy
745
3
Rationalization
748
3
The Regulation of Foreign Trade
751
9
The Development of Guilds among Small Manufacturers
760
9
Governmental Support of Small Producers and Traders
769
3
Other Measures of State Control
772
10
A General Estimate of the Government's Economic Policy
782
7
CONCLUSION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT POLICY 1936-1940
E. B. Schumpeter
The Transition to a War-Time Economy
789
7
The Expansion of Strategic Industries
796
21
The Gradual Extension of Government Control
817
11
The Control of Foreign Trade
828
14
The Control of New Investment
842
5
The Control of Prices and Consumption
847
7
Japanese Industry in a ``Greater East Asia''
854
11
APPENDIX JAPAN'S BALANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS 1904-1931
M. S. Gordon
I The Pre-War Period 1904-1913
865
8
1 Merchandise Trade
867
1
2 Invisible Trade
867
1
3 Capital Movements
868
1
4 The Foreign Specie Balances and the Weakness in the Balance of Payments after 1910
869
4
II The War Period 1914-1919
873
6
1 Merchandise Trade
873
1
2 Invisible Trade
874
1
3 Capital Movements and Gold Movements
874
5
III The Post-War Period 1920-1931
879
29
1 Introduction
879
1
2 Important Financial Developments
880
16
3 Analysis of the Balance of Payments
896
12
IV Some Technical Problems with Respect to the Japanese Balance of Payments Statistics 1904 to date
908
19
1 Statistics of Merchandise Trade
912
4
2 Statistics of Invisible Trade and Service Items
916
2
3 Statistics of Capital Movements
918
9
Glossary
927
2
Index
929
Introduction: Japan's Bluff
9
28
Japan's Poverty in Raw Materials and Dependence on Foreign Trade
37
28
The Real Fabric of Japan: Industry
65
32
The Real Fabric of Japan: Agriculture
97
17
Agrarian Distress and Unrest
114
46
Japanese Labour: Cheap or Dear?
160
41
Fundamental Causes of the Diseased Structure of Japan's National Economy
201
46
Despotism and the Absence of Civil Rights and Liberties
247
41
The Imminence of Social Revolution
288
52
Japan and a War Test: Food, Armaments, Morale and Finance
340
41
Index
381
Preface
v
The Present State of the Small Industries of Japan
1
19
Teijiro Uyeda
The Cotton Industry
20
93
Teijiro Uyeda
Tokijiro Minoguchi
The Rise of the Japanese Cotton Industry
20
7
The Latest Trend of Japanese Cotton Textiles in World Markets
27
18
The Depreciated Yen as a Factor in the Expansion of Japanese Exports
45
4
Organization of the Japanese Cotton Industry
49
16
The Large Spinning-Weaving Mills in Japan and their Business Conditions
65
10
The Smaller Cotton Textile Mills in Japan and their Business Conditions
75
9
Characteristics of Labour in the Japanese Cotton Industry
84
15
Labour Conditions in the Japanese Cotton Industry
99
14
The Rayon Textile Industry
113
25
Teijiro Uyeda
Takeo Soda
Introduction
113
4
Growth of Rayon Weaving Industry
117
3
Scale of Production
120
5
Labour Conditionals
125
4
Organization of the Industry and the Position of the Weaver
129
7
Control in the Rayon Weaving Industry
136
2
The Woollen Industry
138
44
Teijiro Uyeda
Tosuke Inokuchi
The Growth of the Woollen Textile Industry in Japan
138
11
Period when foreign supply of woollen tissues dominated
138
1
Growth of the muslin industry
139
2
Establishment of the woollen and worsted yarn spinning industry and the development of the weaving industry
141
2
Manufacture of woollen cloth and serge for Western dress
143
4
Transition from domestic to export industry
147
2
Scale of the Woollen Textile Industry in Japan
149
9
Organization of the Industry
158
3
Living Conditions of Small-scale Weaving Manufacturers
161
2
Labour Conditions
163
9
Recent Business Conditions of Small-scale Woollen Textile Weavers
172
7
Conclusion
179
3
The Rubber Goods Industry
182
49
Teijiro Uyeda
Teiju Odahashi
Development of the Rubber Goods Industry in Japan
182
13
Processes in the Manufacture of Rubber Goods
195
5
Scale of Production
200
7
Labour Conditions in the Rubber Goods Industry
207
13
Age and sex of workers
207
3
Working conditions
210
5
Wages
215
5
Control and Management of Rubber Goods Factories
220
11
The Bicycle Industry
231
22
Teijiro Uyeda
Hiroshi Koyasu
Historical Introduction
231
3
The first period
231
1
The second period
231
1
The third and fourth periods
232
2
Organization of the Industry
234
6
Labour Conditions
240
5
Relations between employers and employees
240
1
Age and sex of workers
241
1
Method of recruiting factory operatives, localities from which they are drawn and duration of employment
242
1
Labour unions
242
1
Conditions relating to employment
243
1
Wages in recent years
244
1
Improvement in Industrial Management
245
4
Effect of controlled production
248
1
Chief Factors Contributing to the Recent Advance of this Industry into World Markets
249
3
Conclusion
252
1
The Enamelled Ironware Industry
253
13
Teijiro Uyeda
Hiroshi Koyasu
Historical Introduction
253
2
Organization of the Industry
255
2
Labour Conditions
257
5
Relations between employers and employees
258
1
Age and sex of workers
258
1
Localities from which workers are drawn and duration of employment
258
1
Home conditions
259
1
The employee and the labour union
259
1
Labour conditions
260
1
Recent wages
261
1
Recent Improvement in the Organization of the Industry
262
3
Results of production control
263
2
Recent Increase in Exportation and Its Factors
265
1
The Electric Lamp Industry
266
21
Teijiro Uyeda
Tosuke Inokuchi
Introduction
266
1
Main Classes of Manufacturers
267
3
The Tokyo Electric Company, Limited
268
1
`Home-made' electric lamp manufacturers
268
1
`Standard' electric lamp companies
268
1
`Town' electric lamp manufacturers
269
1
Main Features of Small-scale Manufacturing
270
4
Business Conditions of Small-scale Manufacturers
274
5
Labour Conditions
279
4
Control in Small-scale Electric Lamp Manufacturing
283
4
APPENDIX: COST OF LIVING AND REAL WAGES IN JAPAN 1914-1936
287
21
Teijiro Uyeda
Tosuke Inokuchi
1. Introduction
287
2
2. The `Standard of Living' and Methods of Estimating Its Fluctuations
289
1
3. Computation of the Cost of Living Index Number
290
7
i. Family budgets
290
1
ii. Price changes in family budget items
291
2
iii. The calculation of the index
293
1
iv. The results
294
3
4. Index Number of the Wages of Industrial Workers
297
3
5. Index Number of Real Wages
300
4
6. Conditions since 1931
304
4
Note: Per Capita Consumption of Some Important Commodities
308