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Tables of Contents for The Human Polity
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
viii
PART I THINKING ABOUT POLITICS
1
56
Politics and the Human Polity
2
30
The Meaning of the Human Polity
3
7
The Challenge of Interdependence
4
5
The Task at Hand
9
1
The Scope of Politics
10
4
The Scope of Political Science
14
14
The Puzzles of Political Science
15
2
Six Approaches to the Study of Political Puzzles
17
10
Normative versus Empirical Political Puzzles
27
1
Summary and Conclusion
28
4
The Language of Politics
32
25
Concepts that name Structures
34
3
Organizations
34
1
Institutions
34
1
States
35
1
Systems
36
1
Conceptualizing Relationships of Control
37
8
Power
37
2
Influence
39
1
Authority
40
1
Legitimacy
41
1
Linkage
42
3
Political Concepts Regarding the Quality of Life
45
6
Equality
45
2
Freedom
47
2
Order
49
1
Progress
50
1
Insight Versus Jargon in the Study of Political Science
51
1
Summary and Conclusion
52
5
PART II THE CONTEXT OF POLITICS
57
126
Political Ideologies
58
42
What is an Ideology?
60
20
Conservatism
61
4
Liberalism
65
5
Socialism
70
8
Fascism
78
2
When is an Ideology not an Ideology?
80
8
Feminism
81
2
Ethnic Nationalism
83
2
Religious Fundamentalism
85
3
The Language of Ideology
88
4
Summary and Conclusion
92
8
Political Economy
100
48
The Evolving Relationship Between Politics and Economics
103
4
Economic Factors That Commonly Influence Politics
107
8
The Size of a Nation
107
1
Natural Resources
108
3
Level of Wealth Achieved
111
2
Other Economic Factors Likely to Influence Politics
113
2
Political Determination of Economic Systems
115
11
Capitalism
117
2
Alternatives to Capitalism: Socialism and the Mixed Economy
119
3
Variations of the Mixed Economy: Corporatism and Colonialism
122
4
Global Issues of Political Economy
126
15
Environmental Crisis: Resources and Population
126
5
Interdependent International Trade
131
4
Inflation, Lowered Growth, and Unemployment in Developed Economies
135
3
The Political Economics of Global Change
138
3
Summary and Conclusion
141
7
Politics and Culture
148
35
The Political Culture of the Nationstate
150
4
The Political Culture of Subnational and Supranational Groups
154
6
Ethnicity and Race
156
1
Religion
157
3
Impact of Cultural Divisiveness on the Nation-State
160
7
Disseminating Values: Political Socialization
167
10
Political Socialization by the Family
168
2
Political Socialization by the School
170
2
Political Socialization by Peers
172
1
Political Socialization by the News Media
173
1
Political Socialization by Political Events
174
3
Summary and Conclusion
177
6
PART III ACTING IN POLITICS
183
128
The Individual in Politics
184
34
Individual Motives for Participation in Politics
188
7
Attitudes
188
1
Beliefs
188
1
Opinions
189
1
Interests
190
1
Values
190
1
A Mix of Motives
191
1
The Uses of Opinion
191
1
Public Opinion
191
4
Modes of Individual Participation
195
15
Participation by Voting in Elections
197
5
The Electoral System
202
8
Access: How Welcome is Individual Participation?
210
3
Limiting the Electoral Option: Impersonal Restrictions
210
1
Limiting the Electoral Option: Personal Restrictions
210
2
Freedom to Form Political Groups
212
1
Freedom to Join Existing Groups
212
1
Access to the Cultural Prerequisites for Political Participation
213
1
Summary and Conclusion
213
5
Organizing for Politics: The Group
218
42
Interest Groups
222
15
Benefits to Joiners of Interest Groups
222
2
How Organized Is the Interest Group?
224
2
The Goals of Interest Groups
226
2
The Tactics of Interest Groups
228
7
How Well Do Interest Groups Do Their Work?
235
2
A Special Problem of Interest Group Behavior: Extraconstitutionalism
237
12
Business as an Extraconsitutional Force
237
8
Organized Religion as an Extraconstitutional Force
245
2
The Media as an Extraconstutional Force
247
2
Violent Revolutionary Organizations
249
3
Terrorist Groups
249
2
Guerrilla Warfare Organizations
251
1
The Military Mutiny
252
1
Summary and Conclusion
252
8
Political Parties
260
51
Political Parties as a Unique form of Political Organization
263
1
The Functions of Political Parties
264
1
Leadership Recruitment
264
1
Interest Aggregation
264
1
Campaigning
264
1
Governing
264
1
The Origins of Political Parties
265
2
Party Organization: Is Internal Party Democracy Possible?
267
2
The Members of Parties
269
4
The Selection of Candidates
273
3
Preparing the Campaign
276
5
Raising the Money
276
2
Developing a Strategy
278
3
Executing the Campaign: Parties and the Media
281
13
How Party Politics Became a National Entertainment
281
3
How Parties Use the Media
284
2
How the Media Use the Parties and the Candidates
286
3
How Citizens Respond
289
5
Parties in Government
294
6
Types of Parties
297
2
Types of Party Systems
299
1
The Role of Parties Today
300
2
Summary and Conclusion
302
9
PART IV THE WORK OF GOVERNMENT: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS
311
122
Making the Laws
312
36
Lawmaking in the Legislature
315
1
The Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Power
316
12
The Parliamentary System
316
5
The Presidential System
321
3
The Presidential-Parliamentary System
324
4
Representation: Legislators and Their Constituents
328
5
Cameras, Committees, and Customs: Other Variations in Legislatures
333
5
The Role of Committees
335
1
Customs and Mores
336
2
Lawmaking by the Executive
338
2
Autocratic or Oligarchic Lawmaking
338
1
Delegated Lawmaking
339
1
Lawmaking by Judges
340
2
Lawmaking by Political Parties
342
2
Summary and Conclusion
344
4
Running the Government: Executives and Bureaucrats
348
46
Becoming a Leader
350
10
Ascription
350
2
Appointment
352
3
Election to Office
355
2
Force
357
3
What Chief Executives Do
360
4
Overseeing the Bureaucracy
360
2
Guiding Public Opinion
362
1
Refusals to Execute
363
1
Leadership and Followship
364
8
Shared Motives and Trust versus Manipulation
364
1
Modes of Leadership
365
7
From Leader to Leader: the Problem of Succession
372
4
Modes of Succession: What Difference Does it Make?
374
2
The Bureaucracy
376
7
The Work of Bureaucracy
377
4
Who Are the Bureaucrats?
381
1
How to Become a Bureaucrat
382
1
Too Much Government? Or Too Little?
383
4
Too Much Government
384
1
Too Little Government
385
2
Summary and Conclusion
387
7
Justice Under the Law
394
39
What Is Justice?
396
2
Choosing Credible Judges
398
4
Experienced Judges
399
1
Respectably Chosen Judges
399
2
Dignified Judges
401
1
An Independent Judiciary: Theory and Practice
402
7
How Independent Should Judges Be?
402
3
How Judicial Independence Is Maintained
405
2
The Problem of Enforcement
407
2
Guidelines for Adjudication: The Kinds of Kinds of Law
409
9
Law's Relationship to Truth: Natural Law versus Positive Law
410
1
How Law is Formalized: Common Law and Codified Law
411
3
Different Law for Different Acts: Criminal Law and Civil Law
414
3
The Scope of Law: Domestic Law and International Law
417
1
Regional Variations in the Rule of Law: Legal Cultures
418
7
The Romano-Germanic Legal Culture
418
2
The Common Law Legal Culture
420
1
The American Legal Culture
421
1
The Socialist Legal Culture
422
2
The Natural Law Legal Culture
424
1
Convergence of Legal Systems
425
1
Summary and Conclusion
426
7
PART V ALTERNATIVE ARENAS OF GOVERNMENT
433
116
Accessible Government: Local and Provincial Politics
434
30
The Nature of Subnational Government
436
1
Unitary, Federal, and Confederal Political Systems
437
7
Intermediate Levels of Government
444
5
Provincial Government
444
2
Regional Government
446
3
Local Government
449
8
Rule-Making at the Base
450
2
Rule-Application at the Base
452
3
Rule-Adjudication at the Base
455
1
Submunicipal Government
456
1
Center Versus Periphery: Dilemmas of Decentralization
457
2
Development, Resettlement, and the Environment in India
458
1
Fishermen as Politicians in Puerto Rico
458
1
Drawing the Lessons
459
1
Summary and Conclusion
459
5
International Relations
464
42
Contemporary Issues of International Politics
466
11
Proliferation of Arms
467
2
Protection of Human Rights
469
3
International Impact of Ethnic Nationalism
472
3
Protection of the Environment
475
2
The Actors in International Politics
477
6
Changing Rules of the Diplomatic Game
479
2
Intelligence versus Espionage
481
2
Organizing International Politics
483
13
Treaties: Functionally Limited Pacts
483
2
Regional Organizations
485
5
The United Nations
490
6
The Conduct of International Politics: Law Versus Force
496
5
International Law
496
1
Warfare: The Politics of Force
497
4
Summary and Conclusion
501
5
Regime Change in the Human Polity
506
43
Establishing Democracy
509
4
What Is a Democracy?
509
1
What Can We Count on a Democracy to Do?
510
1
Are There Preconditions for Establishing a Democracy?
511
1
The Role of Elites in Establishing Democracy
512
1
What Can Outsiders Do to Help?
512
1
Is Democracy Unstoppable Once Begun?
512
1
Kinds of Transitions
513
15
Transitions from Communism to Democracy and Free Market Capitalism
513
4
Transitions from Communism toward Free Market Capitalism
517
3
Transitions from Noncommunist Authoritarian Rule to Democracy
520
8
Regime Change and the Individual
528
7
Winners v. Losers: The Newly Rich, the Newly Poor
528
3
Women and Regime Change
531
2
The Impact of Regime Change on Individuals in Stable Democracies
533
2
Regime Change and International Institutions
535
6
International Government Institutions
535
1
International Nongovernment Organizations
536
1
International Business
537
4
Conclusion
541
8
Glossary
549
12
Index
561