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Tables of Contents for The Art of Reasoning
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
10
Thinking Skills
2
3
Objectivity
5
6
PART ONE CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS
11
76
Chapter 2 Classification
11
22
Concepts and Referents
12
5
Rules of Classification
17
6
Levels of Organization
23
4
Summary
27
1
Exercises
28
5
Chapter 3 Definitions
33
26
The Functions of a Definition
34
2
Rules for Definitions
36
9
Constructing Definitions
45
8
Summary
53
1
Exercises
53
6
Chapter 4 Propositions
59
28
Propositions and Sentences
60
1
Propositions and Word Meaning
61
6
Propositions and Grammar
67
11
Summary
78
1
Exercises
79
8
PART TWO ARGUMENTS
87
108
Chapter 5 Basic Argument Analysis
87
38
Elements of Reasoning
88
5
Diagramming Arguments
93
12
Logical Strength
105
5
Implicit Premises
110
6
Summary
116
1
Exercises
116
9
Chapter 6 Fallacies
125
42
Subjectivist Fallacies
126
8
Fallacies Involving Credibility
134
7
Fallacies of Context
141
6
Fallacies of Logical Structure
147
8
Summary
155
2
Exercises
157
10
Chapter 7 Advanced Argument Analysis
167
28
Distilling an Argument
167
7
Diagramming Debates
174
9
Summary
183
3
Exercises
186
9
PART THREE CLASSICAL DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
195
138
Chapter 8 Categorical Propositions
195
38
Standard Form
196
6
The Square of Opposition
202
5
Existential Import
207
3
Distribution
210
3
Immediate Inference
213
8
Venn Diagrams
221
5
Summary
226
1
Exercises
227
6
Chapter 9 Categorical Syllogisms
233
48
The Structure of a Syllogism
233
5
Validity
238
3
Enthymemes
241
2
Rules of Validity
243
9
Venn Diagrams
252
8
The Cancellation Method
260
11
Summary
271
1
Exercises
272
9
Chapter 10 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms
281
20
Disjunctive Syllogisms
282
4
Hypothetical Propositions
286
4
Hypothetical Syllogisms
290
5
Summary
295
1
Exercises
295
6
Chapter 11 Syllogisms in Ordinary Reasoning
301
32
Distilling Deductive Arguments
302
7
Extended Arguments
309
14
Summary
323
1
Exercises
323
10
PART FOUR MODERN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
333
120
Chapter 12 Propositional Logic--Symbolic Notation
333
28
Connectives
334
12
Statement Forms
346
6
Computing Truth Values
352
3
Summary
355
1
Exercises
355
6
Chapter 13 Propositional Logic--Arguments
361
44
Truth Table Test of Validity
362
4
Truth Table Test--Short Form
366
4
Proof
370
10
Equivalence
380
8
Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum
388
7
Summary
395
1
Exercises
396
9
Chapter 14 Predicate Logic
405
48
Quantifiers
406
2
General Statements
408
7
Relations and Multiple Quantification
415
10
Proof
425
17
Summary
442
1
Exercises
442
11
PART FIVE INDUCTIVE LOGIC
453
Chapter 15 Inductive Generalizations
453
34
Generalizing
454
7
Causality
461
3
Agreement and Difference
464
8
Concomitant Variations and Residues
472
6
Summary
478
1
Exercises
478
9
Chapter 16 Argument by Analogy
487
18
Analogy and Similarity
488
3
Analysis and Evaluation
491
8
Summary
499
1
Exercises
499
6
Chapter 17 Statistical Reasoning
505
42
Logic and Statistics
506
3
Using Statistics in Argument
509
10
Statistical Generalization
519
6
Statistical Evidence of Causality
525
12
Summary
537
1
Exercises
538
9
Chapter 18 Explanation
547
Explanation and Argument
548
6
Adequacy
554
8
The Truth of Hypotheses
562
11
Summary
573
1
Exercises
574
Answers to Practice Quizzes
A1
68
Glossary
A69
8
Index
A77