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Tables of Contents for Physics With Illustrative Examples from Medicine and Biology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword to the First Edition
v
Series Preface
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
ix
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
xi
Preface to the First Edition
xiii
Acknowledgments for the First Edition
xvii
The Coulomb Force; Electric Field; Electrostatic Potential; Electrostatic Energy
1
194
Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law
1
25
The Electric Structure of Matter
1
1
The Electrostatic Force Between Elementary Charged Particles
2
2
The Additivity of Electrostatic Forces
4
3
Are Atoms Electrically Neutral?
7
2
Quantum Physics and the Size of the Hydrogen Atom
9
5
Mobility of Electric Charges; Conductors and Insulators
14
2
Definition of the Unit of Electric Charge
16
1
The Electrostatic Unit of Charge
16
1
The Coulomb and the Flow of Charge
17
1
Coulomb's Law in the mks System
18
3
Charge Conservation
21
2
Summary and Program for the Study of Electrostatics
23
3
The Electric Field
26
34
Test Charges and the Definition of E. The Electric Field Set Up by Some Simple Charge Distributions
26
2
Field of a Single Charge Q
28
2
Field of Two Charges Separated a Distance from the Origin
30
3
Field Lines and Their Proper Geometrical Representation
33
1
Construction of Field Lines
33
3
The Electric Field Distributions for Various Arrangements of Point Charges
36
5
The Dipole Field
41
2
Gauss' Law
43
1
The Concept of Electric Flux
43
3
The Integral Form of Gauss' Law
46
7
The Differential Form of Gauss' Law
53
7
The Electrostatic Potential
60
25
Coulomb's Law and the Relation Between the Electric Field and the Electrostatic Potential
60
3
Work Done by a Test Charge. Line Integrals and the Electrostatic Potential
63
3
Potential of Point Charges, Dipoles, Continuous Charge Distributions, Dipole or Double Layers
66
1
The Potential of a Dipole
67
1
The Potential Set Up by an Infinite Line of Charge
68
2
The Potential Set Up by a Double Layer
70
3
Equipotential Surfaces and Field Lines. Boundary Conditions on the Electrostatic Field and the Potential on Electrical Conductors
73
4
Laplace's Equation for the Electrostatic Potential in Free Space
77
1
Stockpile of Skeleton Solutions of Laplace's Equation
78
1
A Metal Sphere in an Initially Uniform Electric Field
79
6
Capacitors---Electrostatic Energy Storage
85
10
The Parallel Plate Capacitor
88
1
Electric Field, Plate Charge, and Capacitance of the Parallel Plate Capacitor
88
2
Force Between the Plates of a Parallel Plate Capacitor. Electrostatic Field Energy
90
3
Capacitors of Cylindrical and Spherical Symmetry
93
2
The Electrostatics of Nonconductors: Dielectrics and Electric Polarizability
95
44
Definition of the Dielectric Constant and Electric Susceptibility
96
3
Induced and Permanent Dipole Moments of Atoms and Molecules. Role of the Boltzmann Factor
99
1
Electronic Polarization of Atoms and Molecules
100
1
Ionic Polarizability
101
1
Permanent Electric Dipoles and Their Orientation by an Electric Field
102
6
Bulk Polarization P. The Relation Between P and the Polarization Surface Charge Density σpol
108
1
On the Connection Between the Dielectric Constant κ and the Microscopic Polarizability α
109
3
Polarizability of Gases
112
1
Experimental Determination of Induced and Permanent Electric Dipole Moments
112
1
Classical Model for the Electronic Polarizability of Atoms
113
3
Permanent Dipole Moments and Their Connection with Molecular Structure
116
1
The Dielectric Constant of Nonpolar Liquids, Solids, and Liquid Mixtures
117
1
The Local Field and the Clausius---Mossotti Relation
117
1
Experimental Tests of the Clausius---Mossotti Relation for Dense Gases, Liquids, and Solids
118
2
Dielectric Constant of Liquid Mixtures
120
3
Dielectric Constant of Polar Liquids. The Theory of Onsager
123
1
The Failure of the Clausius---Mossotti Formula. The Reaction Field and Spontaneous Polarization
123
4
The Theory of Onsager for the Dielectric Constant of Polar Media. Comparison with Experimental Data
127
2
The Electric Field within and Around Dielectric Bodies. Boundary Conditions and the Displacement Vector D.
129
1
Laplace's Equation and the Boundary Conditions at the Surface of Dielectric Bodies
129
5
The Dielectric Sphere in an Initially Uniform Electric Field
134
5
Electrostatic Forces and Energy in Dielectric Media
139
16
Electrostatic Energy, and Forces, for a System of Charges in a Dielectric Fluid
141
1
The Parallel Plate Capacitor
141
3
The Electrostatic Energy of a Single Charged Sphere
144
2
The Force Between Two Charges in a Dielectric
146
2
Water as a Solvent for Ionic Compounds
148
1
The Self-Energy of an Ion in a Dielectric Medium
148
4
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Dielectric Solvents
152
3
References and Supplementary Reading
155
1
Problems
156
39
Electric Currents
195
186
Introduction
195
2
Current Flow, Electrical Resistance, Ohm's Law, and the Dissipation of Electric Power
197
11
Flow of Current: Electric Mobility, Conductivity, and Resistivity
197
5
Ohm's Law
202
3
Power Dissipation in an Ohmic Conductor
205
3
Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions
208
18
Theory of the Conductivity of an Electrolyte Solution
208
3
Comparison Between the Theory and Experimental Measurements of the Mobility and Conductivity
211
6
Degree of Dissociation of a Weak Acid. With Application to Electrical Conductivity
217
9
Electrical Conductivity of Metals
226
10
Theory for the Electrical Conductivity
226
8
Comparison with Experimental Data
234
2
Electrical Networks with Steady and Time-Varying Current Flow. Kirchhoff's Laws. Resistance, Capacitance, and Operational Amplifier Circuits
236
74
Circuit Elements; Ideal, Independent Voltage and Current Sources. Kirchhoff's Laws
236
1
Passive Circuit Elements
236
2
Electrical Networks and Ideal Voltage and Current Sources
238
2
Voltage and Current Wave Forms
240
1
Kirchhoff's Laws
240
7
Equivalent Voltage and Current Sources
247
4
Voltage, Current, and Power Transfer
251
3
Transducers and Simple Resistive Networks Used for Measurement and Control
254
1
Transducers for the Measurement of Temperature, Pressure, and Strain
254
5
The Wheatstone Bridge for the Measurement of Electrical Resistance
259
4
The Potentiometer for the Measurement of Voltage
263
2
Time-Varying Current Flow in Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
265
1
The Series Resistance---Capacitance (RC) Circuit
265
17
The Elements of Alternating Current Circuit Theory
282
10
Operational Amplifiers
292
1
Basic Properties of an Ideal Operational Amplifier
292
4
Departure of Actual Op-Amps from Ideality
296
1
Linear Operatinal Amplifier Circuits Using Feedback
296
14
The Electrical Determination of the Capacitance and the Thickness of the Cell Membrane
310
10
The Electrostatic Capacitance and the Energy Stored in the Cell Membrane
311
6
Method of Measurement of the Cell Membrane Capacitance: Connection with Alternating Circuit Theory
317
3
Charge and Current Flow in Three Dimensions: The Continuity Equation and Charge Neutrality: Quasi-Stationary Flow. Application to Lightning Bolts and Current Flow in the Earth
320
11
The Continuity Equation and Charge Neutrality in a Conducting Medium
320
5
Quasi-Stationary Current Flow
325
1
Lightning Bolts and Current Flow in the Earth
326
5
Electrocardiography
331
17
Elementary Anatomy and Electrophysiology of Heart Nerve and Muscle Cells. Double Layers; and Transcellular Potential Differences
331
3
Depolarization of the Heart. The Heart Vector P(t)
334
3
Electrical Activity of the Heart. P(t) for the Normal Heart
337
1
Electric Potential Lines on the Body Surface. The Spherical Model
338
9
Scalar and Vector Electrocardiography
347
1
References and Supplementary Reading
348
2
Problems
350
31
Electrochemistry and Bioelectricity
381
168
The Diffusion of Ions and the Nernst--Planck Equation
382
41
Ion Flow Due to Diffusion and Electric Fields. The Nernst--Planck Electrodiffusion Equation
382
5
Diffusion Potentials, Liquid Junctions, and Salt Bridges
387
1
Diffusion Potential in a Single Electrolyte of Nonuniform Concentration
387
3
Junction Potential Across the Boundary of Two Distinct Electrolytes
390
3
Salt Bridges; Measurement of Cell Membrane Potentials
393
2
Debye Shielding: The Ion Cloud Around an Electrically Charged Surface
395
1
The Equilibrium Ion Concentrations and Equilibrium Electrostatic Potential. The Boltzmann Factor
396
2
The Poisson---Boltzmann Equation. Debye Length Defined
398
2
Solution of the Linearized Poisson---Boltzmann Equation
400
2
Magnitude of the Debye Shielding Distance. The Ionic Strength of a Solution
402
1
Can the Debye Length Be Measured?
403
2
Debye Shielding of a Charged Sphere
405
3
Electrophoresis
408
1
Some Observations on Protein Structure and Electric Charge
409
3
The Electrophoretic Mobility of a Charged Particle
412
7
Electrophoretic Measurements.
419
4
Galvanic Cells; Electrodes; Electrochemical Measurements; pH Determination
423
44
Introduction---Galvanic Cells
423
2
Electrode Reactions. Anode and Cathode Defined
425
3
Resting Potential of a Galvanic Cell as the Sum of Electrode Potentials, Contact Potentials, and Junction Potentials
428
5
Reversible Electrode Processes
433
2
Electrodes of the Second Kind
435
1
The Hydrogen Electrode
436
1
The Electromotive Force of a Galvanic Cell
437
1
The Nernst Equation for Half-Cell Potentials
438
4
Experimental Test of the Nernst Relation
442
3
Concentration, Activity, and Activity Coefficients
445
4
Debye--Huckel Theory of Activity Coefficients
449
4
Electrochemical Measurements: The Ionic Product of Water. pH Measurements; Acid Equilibrium Constants
453
1
The Ionic Product of Water
454
3
pH Determination
457
2
Equilibrium Constants of Weak Acids
459
4
The Glass Electrode
463
4
Membrane Potentials. Biomembranes. Active Transport of Ions. Excitable Membranes and the Action Potential
467
56
Introduction to Bioelectric Phenomena
467
1
A Short Historical Introduction
467
2
Biomembranes; The Physiological Role of Membrane Potentials
469
2
Membrane Potentials
471
2
The Donnan Equilibrium
473
10
Electrolyte Composition of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids, and Observed Membrane Potentials
483
2
The Ussing Flux Ratio Criterion, and the Sodium Pump
485
5
Current--Voltage Relations for a Biomembrane
490
5
Excitable Membranes; Axons and the Action Potential
495
3
The Axon as a Cable
498
9
The Action Potential and Associated Transmembrane Currents
507
4
A Sketch of the Work of Hodgkin and Huxley
511
7
The Existence of a Firing Threshold
518
5
References and Supplementary Reading
523
3
Problems
526
23
Electromagnetism
549
104
The Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force
549
25
Introduction: Elementary Magnetic Phenomena
549
3
The Lorentz Force
552
1
Force on a Moving Isolated Charge and the Definition of the Magnetic Field B
552
3
Magnetic Force on a Differential Element of Current
555
1
Torque on a Current Loop. The Magnetic Dipole Moment
556
2
Energy of Interaction Between a Magnetic Dipole and a Magnetic Field
558
2
The Magnetic Field Produced by Differential Current Elements. The Law of Biot and Savart. Ampere's Law
560
2
The Magnetic Field of a Straight Line of Current
562
1
The Magnetic Field of a Small Current Loop. The Magnetic Dipole Field
563
4
Ampere's Law
567
3
Applications of Ampere's Law: Field Inside a Thick Wire, and the Field Inside a Long Solenoid
570
4
Faraday's Law of Induction
574
36
Magnetic Flux and Induced Electromotive Force
574
1
Basic Observational Facts Underlying Faraday's Law
574
2
Definition of Induced Electromotive Force and Magnetic Flux. Statement of Faraday's Law and Lenz's Rule
576
7
Self-Inductance, Mutual Inductance, Electrical Circuits with Inductance. Electrical Resonance
583
1
Definition of Self-Inductance
583
1
The Inductor as a Circuit Element. The Simple R--L Circuit
584
5
The Series R--L Circuit Driven by an Alternating Voltage Source
589
3
Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance. Electric Resonance
592
11
Mutual Inductance of Two Current Loops
603
2
The Transformer as a Circuit Element
605
5
Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
610
28
Summing Up: Statement of Maxwell's Equations
610
1
The Field Concept
611
2
Charge, Current, and Charge Conservation
613
2
Properties of the Electric Field
615
5
Properties of the Magnetic Field
620
7
Electromagnetic Waves
627
1
Waves and the Wave Equation
627
4
Electromagnetic Plane Waves
631
3
Sinusoidal Waves. Linear and Circular Polarization
634
3
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
637
1
References and Supplementary Reading
638
2
Problems
640
13
Table of Basic Constants
653
2
Table of MKSA Units
655
4
Index
659