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Tables of Contents for The Science of Paintings
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
v
 
The Structure and Analysis of Paintings
1
11
Introduction
1
1
What Is a Painting?
2
4
Choices
6
2
Examination and Analysis
8
4
Paint
12
14
Dusan Stulik
Paint
12
3
Pigment
15
1
Fresco
16
3
Tempera
19
3
Encaustic
22
1
Oil
23
1
Acrylic
24
2
Organic Binders
26
16
Richard Newman
Introduction
26
3
Carbohydrate-Containing Binders
29
2
Honey
29
1
Plant Gums
29
2
Protein-Containing Materials
31
5
Animal Glue
32
1
Egg White and Egg Yolk
33
2
Casein
35
1
Oils
36
2
Waxes
38
2
Natural Resins
40
2
The Painter's Color and Light
42
8
Color, Light, and Space
42
2
Color Characteristics
44
1
Afterimages
45
1
Simultaneous Contrast
46
4
Color and Light
50
16
Introduction
50
1
Light: Photons and Waves
51
5
The Color of Objects
56
4
Color: Illumination and Metamerism
60
1
Additive Color
61
2
Subtractive Color
63
1
The Eye and Color Sensation
63
3
Optics of Paint Films
66
10
Introduction
66
1
Reflection
66
3
Refraction
69
3
Scattering of Light
72
1
Absorption of Light
73
2
Fluorescence
75
1
Beyond the Eye
76
10
Introduction
76
1
Pigment Response in the Infrared
76
3
Pigment Response to X-Rays: Absorption
79
2
Pigment Response to X-Rays: Emission
81
1
Pigment Response to Neutrons
82
3
Overview
85
1
Detection of Fakes
86
9
Introduction
86
1
A Successful Forger
87
3
Visual Examination
90
1
Dating and Pigment Identification
91
2
Sampling
93
1
Fake/No Fake
93
2
Object of Interaction
95
6
Beyond Analysis
95
6
Appendices
101
117
A. Photons, Electrons, and the Photoelectric Effect
103
4
B. Refraction, Reflection, and Dispersion
107
11
B.1 Index of Refraction
107
3
B.2 Reflection and Scattering
110
3
B.3 Dispersion
113
2
B.4 Varnishes and Refraction
115
1
B.5 Hiding Power
116
2
C. Photon Absorption: Visible, Infrared, and X-rays
118
10
C.1 Mechanism for the Absorption of Light
119
6
C.2 Infrared Reflectography and Hiding Thickness
125
3
D. The Chromaticity Diagram
128
3
E. Periodic Table and Crystal Structure
131
10
E.1 Electrons, Nuclei, Isotopes and Atomic Number
131
2
E.2 Periodic Table
133
2
E.3 Structure of Pigment Crystallites
135
3
E.4 X-Ray Crystallography
138
3
F. Electron Energy Levels and X-Ray Emission
141
15
F.1 Yellows and Pigment Anachronisms
141
1
F.2 Electron Shells
142
3
F.3 Electron Binding Energies
145
2
F.4 X-Ray Emission
147
2
F.5 X-Ray-, Electron-, and Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission
149
7
G. Nuclear Reactions and Autoradiography
156
12
G.1 Nuclear Reactions
156
2
G.2 Radioactive Decay and Decay Law
158
4
G.3 Counting Statistics
162
1
G.4 Neutron Activation Analysis and Autoradiography
163
5
H. Organic Binders: Analytical Procedures
168
14
Richard Newman
H.1 Introduction
168
1
H.2 Biological Stains
169
1
H.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
170
4
H.4 Chromotography
174
8
I. Polarized Light and Optical Microscopy
182
7
I.1 Polarized Light
182
2
I.2 Crystal Optics
184
2
I.3 Polarized Light Microscopy
186
3
J. Cross-Section Analysis of Sample
189
3
Diego Rivera
Leon P. Stodulski
Jerry Jourdan
K. Radiocarbon Dating in Art Research
192
1
Dusan Stulik
K.1 Introduction
192
1
K.2 Radiocarbon Dating
193
3
K.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometer
196
2
K.4 Reality of Radiocarbon Dating
198
1
K.5 Sampling and Sample Contamination
198
2
K.6 Correction for Isotopic Fractionation
200
1
K.7 Relations Between Measured and Calendar Age
201
2
K.8 Medieval Documents on Parchment
203
1
K.9 Conclusions
204
2
L. Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings
206
12
Peter Ian Kunibolm
L.1 Method
206
4
L.2 Limitations
210
1
L.3 Examples/Case Studies
211
3
L.4 Summary
214
4
References
218
11
Index
229