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Tables of Contents for Optics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
Geometrical Optics
1
76
Introduction
1
1
Fermat's Principle and the Law of Refraction
2
5
Prisms
7
2
Angle of Deviation
7
2
Convex Spherical Surfaces
9
10
Image Formation and Conjugate Points
9
2
Sign Convention
11
1
Object and Image Distance, Object and Image Focus, Real and Virtual Objects, and Singularities
11
4
Real Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification
15
2
Virtual Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification
17
2
Concave Spherical Surfaces
19
4
Thin Lens Equation
23
12
Thin Lens Equation
23
1
Object Focus and Image Focus
24
1
Magnification
25
1
Positive Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images
25
5
Negative Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images
30
3
Thin Lens and Two Different Media on the Outside
33
2
Optical Instruments
35
13
Two Lens System
36
1
Magnifier and Object Positions
37
5
Microscope
42
2
Telescope
44
4
Matrix Formulation for Thick Lenses
48
18
Refraction and Translation Matrices
48
3
Two Spherical Surfaces at Distance d and Prinicipal Planes
51
8
System of Lenses
59
7
Plane and Spherical Mirrors
66
6
Plane Mirrors and Virtual Images
66
1
Spherical Mirrors and Mirror Equation
67
1
Sign Convention
68
1
Magnification
68
1
Graphical Method and Graphs of xi Depending on xo
69
3
Matrices for a Reflecting Cavity and the Eigenvalue Problem
72
5
Interference
77
50
Introduction
77
1
Harmonic Waves
78
2
Superposition of Harmonic Waves
80
7
Superposition of Two Waves Depending on Space and Time Coordinates
80
4
Intensities
84
2
Normalization
86
1
Two-Beam Wavefront Dividing Interferometry
87
7
Model Description for Wavefront Division
87
1
Young's Experiment
88
6
Two-Beam Amplitude Dividing Interferometry
94
14
Model Description for Amplitude Division
94
1
Plane Parallel Plate
95
6
Michelson Interferometer and Heidinger and Fizeau Fringes
101
7
Multiple Beam Interferometry
108
15
Plane Parallel Plate
108
5
Fabry--Perot Etalon
113
3
Fabry--Perot Spectrometer and Resolution
116
3
Array of Source Points
119
4
Random Arrangement of Source Points
123
4
Diffraction
127
56
Introduction
127
2
Kirchhoff--Fresnel Integral
129
5
The Integral
129
2
On Axis Observation for the Circular Opening
131
2
On Axis Observation for Circular Stop
133
1
Fresnel Diffraction, Far Field Approximation, and Fraunhofer Observation
134
3
Small Angle Approximation in Cartesian Coordinates
135
1
Fresnel, Far Field, and Fraunhofer Diffraction
136
1
Far Field and Fraunhofer Diffraction
137
27
Diffraction on a Slit
138
4
Diffraction on a Slit and Fourier Transformation
142
1
Rectangular Aperture
143
3
Circular Aperture
146
4
Gratings
150
10
Resolution
160
4
Babinet's Theorem
164
3
Apertures in Random Arrangement
167
3
Fresnel Diffraction
170
13
Coordinates for Diffraction on a Slit and Fresnels Integrals
170
1
Fresnel Diffraction on a Slit
171
2
Fresnel Diffraction on an Edge
173
3
Step Grating
176
3
Cornu's Spiral
179
1
Babinet's Principle and Cornu's Spiral
180
3
Coherence
183
20
Spatial Coherence
183
15
Introduction
183
1
Two Source Points
183
4
Coherence Condition
187
2
Extended Source
189
3
Visibility
192
3
Michelson Stellar Interferometer
195
3
Temporal Coherence
198
5
Wavetrains and Quasimonochromatic Light
198
1
Superposition of Wavetrains
199
1
Length of Wavetrains
200
1
Fourier Tranform Spectometer and Blackbody Radiation
201
2
Maxwell's Theory
203
42
Introduction
203
1
Harmonic Plane Waves and the Superposition Principle
204
2
Plane Waves
204
2
The Superposition Principle
206
1
Differentiation Operation
206
1
Differentiation ``Time''
206
1
Differentiation ``Space''
206
1
Poynting Vector in Vacuum
207
1
Electromagnetic Waves in an Isotropic Nonconducting Medium
208
1
Fresnel's Formulas
209
19
Electrical Field Vectors in the Plane of Incidence (Parallel Case)
209
3
Electrical Field Vector Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence (Perpendicular Case)
212
1
Fresnel's Formulas Depending on the Angle of Incidence
213
1
Light Incident on a Denser Medium, n1 < n2, and the Brewster Angle
214
3
Light Incident on a Less Dense Medium, n1 > n2, Brewster and Critical Angle
217
3
Reflected and Transmitted Intensities
220
6
Total Reflection and Evanescent Wave
226
2
Polarized Light
228
17
Introduction
228
1
Ordinary and Extraordinary Indices of Refraction
229
1
Phase Difference Between Waves Moving in the Direction of or Perpendicular to the Optical Axis
230
1
Half-Wave Plate, Phase Shift of π
231
2
Quarter Wave Plate, Phase Shift π/2
233
3
Crossed Polarizers
236
2
General Phase Shift
238
2
Wave Equation Obtained from Maxwell's Equation
240
1
The Operations Δ and Δ
241
1
Rotation of the Coordinate System as a Principal Axis Transformation and Equivalence to the Solution of the Eigenvalue Problem
241
1
Phase Difference Between Internally Reflected Components
242
1
Jones Vectors and Jones Matrices
242
1
Jones Matrices
243
1
Applications
243
2
Maxwell II. Modes and Mode Propagation
245
24
Introduction
245
3
Stratified Media
248
7
Two Interfaces at Distance d
249
2
Plate of Thickness d = (&lamda;/2n2)
251
1
Plate of Thickness d and Index n2
252
1
Antireflection Coating
252
2
Multiple Layer Filters with Alternating High and Low Refractive Index
254
1
Guided Waves by Total Internal Reflection Through a Planar Waveguide
255
7
Traveling Waves
255
2
Restrictive Conditions for Mode Propagation
257
1
Phase Condition for Mode Formation
258
1
(TE) Modes or s-Polarization
258
3
(TM) Modes or p-Polarization
261
1
Fiber Optics Waveguides
262
7
Modes in a Dielectric Waveguide
262
4
Boundary Value Method Applied to TE Modes of Plane Plate Waveguide
266
3
Blackbody Radiation, Atomic Emission, and Lasers
269
40
Introduction
269
1
Blackbody Radiaton
270
7
The Rayleigh--Jeans Law
270
1
Planck's Law
271
2
Stefan--Boltzmann Law
273
1
Wien's Law
274
1
Files of Planck's, Stefan--Boltzmann's, and Wien's Laws. Radiance, Area, and Solid Angle
275
2
Atomic Emission
277
4
Introduction
277
1
Bohr's Model and the One Electron Atom
278
1
Many Electron Atoms
278
3
Bandwidth
281
6
Introduction
281
1
Classical Model, Lorentzian Line Shape, and Homogeneous Broadening
282
3
Natural Emission Line Width, Quantum Mechanical Model
285
1
Doppler Broadening (Inhomogeneous)
285
2
Lasers
287
6
Introduction
287
1
Population Inversion
288
1
Stimulated Emission, Spontaneous Emission, and the Amplification Factor
289
1
The Fabry--Perot Cavity, Losses, and Threshold Condition
290
2
Simplified Example of a Three-Level Laser
292
1
Confocal Cavity, Gaussian Beam, and Modes
293
16
Paraxial Wave Equation and Beam Parameters
293
2
Fundamental Mode in Confocal Cavity
295
3
Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Number
298
1
Higher Modes in the Confocal Cavity
299
10
Optical Constants
309
22
Introduction
309
1
Optical Constants of Dielectrics
310
4
The Wave Equation, Electrical Polarizability, and Refractive Index
310
1
Oscillator Model and the Wave Equation
311
3
Determination of Optical Constants
314
6
Fresnel's Formulas and Reflection Coefficients
314
1
Ratios of the Amplitude Reflection Coefficients
315
1
Oscillator Expressions
316
2
Sellmeier Formula
318
2
Optical Constants of Metals
320
11
Drude Model
320
1
Low Frequency Region
321
1
High Frequency Region
322
3
Skin Depth
325
2
Reflectance at Normal Incidence and Reflection Coefficients with Absorption
327
1
Elliptically Polarized Light
328
1
Analytical Expressions and Approximations for the Detemination of n and K
329
2
Fourier Transformation and FT-Spectroscopy
331
36
Fourier Transformation
331
13
Introduction
331
1
The Fourier Integrals
331
1
Examples of Fourier Transformations Using Analytical Functions
332
1
Numerical Fourier Transformation
333
9
Fourier Transformation of a Product of Two Functions and the Convolution Integral
342
2
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
344
23
Interferogram and Fourier Transformation. Superposition of Cosine Waves
344
1
Michelson Interferometer and Interferograms
345
2
The Fourier Transform Integral
347
1
Discrete Length and Frequency Coordinates
348
3
Folding of the Fourier Transform Spectrum
351
4
High Resolution Spectroscopy
355
3
Apodization
358
4
Asymmetric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
362
5
Imaging Using Wave Theory
367
38
Introduction
367
1
Spatial Waves and Blackening Curves, Spatial Frequencies, and Fourier Transformation
368
6
Object, Image, and the Two Fourier Transformations
374
4
Waves from Object and Aperture Plane and Lens
374
1
Summation Processes
375
2
The Pair of Fourier Transformations
377
1
Image Formation Using Incoherent Light
378
12
Spread Function
378
1
The Convolution Integral
379
1
Impulse Response and the Intensity Pattern
379
1
Examples of Convolution with Spread Function
380
4
Transfer Function
384
3
Resolution
387
3
Image Formation with Coherent Light
390
5
Spread Function
390
1
Resolution
391
2
Transfer Function
393
2
Holography
395
10
Introduction
395
1
Recording of the Interferogram
395
1
Recovery of Image with Same Plane Wave Used for Recording
396
1
Recovery Using a Different Plane Wave
397
1
Production of Real and Virtual Image Under an Angle
397
1
Size of Hologram
398
7
Aberration
405
20
Introduction
405
1
Spherical Aberration of a Single Refracting Surface
405
3
Longitudinal and Lateral Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens
408
3
The π-σ Equation and Spherical Aberration
411
2
Coma
413
2
Aplanatic Lens
415
2
Astigmatism
417
3
Astigmatism of a Single Spherical Surface
417
1
Astigmatism of a Thin Lens
418
2
Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet
420
2
Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet with Separated Lenses
422
3
Appendix A About Graphs and Matrices in Mathcad
425
4
Appendix B Formulas
429
4
References
433
2
Index
435