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Tables of Contents for The Perception of Visual Information
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface to the Second Edition
v
2
Preface to the First Edition
vii
2
Acknowledgments
ix
8
Contributors
xvii
1 Physiological Optics
1
32
Peter F. Sharp
Russell Philips
1.1 Introduction
1
1
1.2 Optical Anatomy of the Eye
1
2
1.3 Aberrations of the Eye
3
1
1.3.1 Spherical Aberration
3
1
1.3.2 Chromatic Aberration
4
1
1.3.3 Oblique Astigmatism and Coma
4
1
1.3.4 Curvature of Field
4
1
1.4 The Visual Pathways
4
15
1.4.1 Photoreceptors
4
1
1.4.2 Bipolar, Ganglion, Horizontal, and Amacrine Cells
5
7
1.4.3 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
12
1
1.4.4 Primary Visual Cortex
13
6
1.5 Mechanisms of Viewing
19
3
1.6 Color Vision
22
2
1.7 Physical Performance of the Visual System
24
3
1.7.1 Spectral Sensitivity
24
1
1.7.2 Incremental Brightness Sensitivity
24
1
1.7.3 Spatial Response
25
1
1.7.4 Temporal Response
25
1
1.7.5 Dynamic Range
26
1
1.8 Information Transfer Rates
27
3
1.9 References
30
3
2 Detection of Vision Information
33
24
Charles A. Kelsey
2.1 Introduction
33
1
2.2 Early Theories of Vision
33
2
2.2.1 The Evil Eye
34
1
2.3 Simple Experiments
35
7
2.3.1 Inverted Image on the Retina
35
1
2.3.2 Blind Spot
36
1
2.3.3 Horizontal and Vertical Detectors
37
1
2.3.4 Mach Bands
38
1
2.3.5 The Craik, Cornsweet, O'Brien Illusion
38
1
2.3.6 Herman Hering Grid
39
1
2.3.7 The Moon Illusion
40
2
2.4 Adaptation and After Images
42
2
2.4.1 Stimulus and Sensation
44
1
2.5 Three-Dimensional Vision
44
1
2.6 Stereoscopic Viewing
45
2
2.7 Cross-Eyed Technique of Three-Dimensional Viewing
47
1
2.8 Models of the Visual System
47
6
2.8.1 Feature Detection
47
2
2.8.2 The Bottom-Up and Top-Down Models
49
1
2.8.3 Ideal Observer Studies
49
1
2.8.4 Computational Models
50
1
2.8.5 Preattentive and Attentive Processing Textons
51
2
2.9 References
53
4
3 Quantification of Visual Capability
57
30
Arthur P. Ginsburg
William R. Hendee
3.1 Introduction
57
1
3.2 Visual Acuity
57
3
3.3 Contrast Sensitivity
60
1
3.4 Visual Physiology
60
1
3.5 Visual Filtering
61
6
3.5.1 Sine-Wave Gratings
61
2
3.5.2 Contrast Sensitivity Function
63
1
3.5.3 Channel Filter Images
64
3
3.6 Causes of Vision Loss
67
1
3.7 Detection and Identification of Visual Signals
67
16
3.7.1 Measuring Contrast Sensitivity
69
2
3.7.2 Sine-Wave Grating and Low Contrast Letter Charts
71
7
3.7.3 Test Modalities for Contrast Sensitivity
78
1
3.7.4 Interpreting Contrast Sensitivity: Eye View
79
2
3.7.5 Glare Testing
81
1
3.7.6 Applications to Imaging
82
1
3.8 Conclusions
83
1
3.9 References
83
4
4 A Multiscale Geometric Model of Human Vision
87
40
Bart M. Ter Haar Romeny
Luc Florack
4.1 Introduction
87
3
4.2 Scale-Space
90
6
4.3 Scaled Differential Operators
96
2
4.4 Image Structure
98
1
4.5 Description of the Early Vision System
99
4
4.6 Differential Invariants
103
12
4.7 Applications
115
5
4.8 Discussion
120
4
4.9 References
124
3
5 Human Response to Visual Stimuli
127
22
Alastair G. Gale
5.1 Introduction
127
1
5.2 Measuring Human Responses
127
3
5.2.1 Low Intensity Signals
127
2
5.2.2 Intense Stimuli
129
1
5.3 Complex Stimuli
130
11
5.3.1 Selective Visual Attention
130
1
5.3.2 Visual Scanning
131
2
5.3.3 Matching Image and Observer Characteristics
133
1
5.3.4 Focal Attention and Observer Factors
134
6
5.3.5 Individual Differences
140
1
5.3.6 Improving diagnostic accuracy
140
1
5.4 References
141
8
6 Cognitive Interpretation of Visual Signals
149
28
William R. Hendee
6.1 Early Views of Cognition
149
1
6.2 Western Philosophical Speculations on Cognition
150
4
6.3 Visual Texture Discrimination
154
4
6.4 Illusions
158
5
6.4.1 Ambiguities
159
1
6.4.2 Distortions
160
1
6.4.3 Paradoxes
161
1
6.4.4 Fictions
162
1
6.4.5 Summary
163
1
6.5 Color Vision
163
10
6.6 References
173
4
7 Visual Data Formatting
177
46
Ulrich Raff
7.1 Introduction
177
2
7.2 Brightness, Contrast, and Details
179
8
7.3 Texture Discrimination and Edge Detection
187
21
7.4 Medical Imaging and Information
208
4
7.5 Visual Information and Communication
212
5
7.6 Conclusions
217
1
7.7 References
218
5
8 Image Manipulation
223
28
Ronald R. Price
8.1 Introduction: The Digital Image
223
1
8.2 Interpolation
224
1
8.3 Gray-Level Manipulation
225
3
8.4 Filtering
228
10
8.5 Geometric Processing and Image Co-Registration
238
3
8.6 Image Subtraction
241
1
8.7 Segmentation
242
4
8.8 Maximum Intensity Projection
246
2
8.9 Conclusion
248
1
8.10 References
248
3
9 Physical and Psychophysical Measurement of Images
251
46
Kevin S. Berbaum
Donald D. Dorfman
Mark Madsen
9.1 Introduction
251
3
9.2 Physical Measurements of Image Quality
254
12
9.2.1 Image Formation
255
2
9.2.2 Spatial Resolution
257
1
9.2.3 Noise
258
2
9.2.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
260
6
9.3 Limitations of Physical Analysis
266
3
9.4 Measuring Observer Performance: Basic Principles of ROC analysis
269
8
9.5 General Issues Regarding the Use of ROC Methods in Medical Imaging Research
277
7
9.5.1 Diagnostic Truth
277
1
9.5.2 Sampling
278
1
9.5.3 Statistical Precision and Power
279
1
9.5.4 Absolute versus Relative Performance
280
1
9.5.5 AFROC and FFE Analysis
280
2
9.5.6 Detection Methodology Applied to a Classification Problem
282
2
9.6 Statistical Issues in ROC Analysis
284
3
9.6.1 Fitting Individual ROC Curves
286
1
9.7 References
287
10
10 Computer Vision and Decision Support
297
46
Henry A. Swett
Maryellen L. Giger
Kunio Doi
10.1 Introduction
297
1
10.2 Computer Vision
298
5
10.2.1 Image Processing
299
2
10.2.2 Image Segmentation
301
1
10.2.3 Feature Analysis
301
2
10.3 Computer Vision Examples
303
17
10.3.1 Mammography
303
7
10.3.2 Chest Radiography
310
10
10.4 Decision Support
320
6
10.4.1 Clinical Algorithms
321
1
10.4.2 Mathematical and Casual Models of Physical Processes
322
1
10.4.3 Statistical Pattern-Matching Techniques
322
1
10.4.4 Decision Theory
323
1
10.4.5 Connectionism
323
1
10.4.6 Symbolic Reasoning and Expert Systems
323
2
10.4.7 Critiquing Systems
325
1
10.4.8 Knowledge Filters
326
1
10.5 A Decision Support Example: Mammography
326
5
10.6 Combining Decision Support and Computer Vision
331
2
10.7 References
333
10
11 Architecture and Ergonomics of Imaging Workstations
343
18
Paul S. Cho
H. K. Huang
11.1 Architecture of Imaging Workstation
343
8
11.1.1 Image Processing Hardware
343
2
11.1.2 Display Monitor
345
5
11.1.3 Image Storage Devices
350
1
11.2 Examples of Imaging Workstation
351
4
11.2.1 Diagnostic Workstation
352
1
11.2.2 Review Workstation
352
1
11.2.3 Analysis Workstation
353
1
11.2.4 Digitizing and Printing Workstation
353
1
11.2.5 Interactive Teaching Workstation
354
1
11.2.6 Editorial and Research Workstation
354
1
11.3 Ergonomics of Imaging Workstation
355
3
11.3.1 Glare
355
2
11.3.2 Ambient Illuminance
357
1
11.3.3 User Interface
357
1
11.3.4 Multiple Display
358
1
11.4 References
358
3
12 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medicine
361
30
David Hawkes
12.1 Introduction
361
3
12.1.1 Virtual Reality
362
1
12.1.2 Augmented Reality
362
1
12.1.3 Tele-Presence
363
1
12.1.4 Real Time
363
1
12.2 Medical Applications of VR Technology
364
3
12.2.1 Teaching
364
1
12.2.2 Surgical Simulation and Training
365
1
12.2.3 Planning and Simulation of a Specific Procedure
365
1
12.2.4 Image-Guided Surgery
366
1
12.2.5 Remote Manipulation, Tele-Surgery, and Mentoring
366
1
12.2.6 Remote Consultation and Rehabilitation
367
1
12.3 Augmented Reality in Image-Guided Surgery
367
17
12.3.1 Three-Dimensional Medical Imaging
367
6
12.3.2 Applications in Skull Base Surgery and Neurosurgery
373
6
12.3.3 Visual Perception in Augmented Reality
379
5
12.4 Conclusions and Future Work
384
1
12.5 References
385
6
13 Problems and Prospects in the Perception of Visual Information
391
10
Peter N. T. Wells
13.1 Aspects of Visual Perception
391
7
13.1.1 Physiological Optics
391
1
13.1.2 Detection of Visual Information
392
1
13.1.3 Interpretation of Visual Images
392
1
13.1.4 A Multiscale Geometric Model of Human Vision
392
1
13.1.5 Human Response to Visual Stimuli
393
1
13.1.6 Cognitive Interpretation of Visual Signals
394
1
13.1.7 Visual Data Formatting
394
1
13.1.8 Image Manipulation
395
1
13.1.9 Physical and Psychophysical Measurement of Images
396
1
13.1.10 Computer Vision and Decision Support
397
1
13.1.11 Architecture and Ergonomics of Image Workstations
397
1
13.1.12 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Medicine
398
1
13.2 Conclusions
398
1
13.3 References
399
2
Index
401