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Tables of Contents for Philosophy Made Simple
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
Introduction: What is philosophy?
ix
Ethics
1
58
The definition of ``ethics''
1
1
Ethics originates in everyday life
2
1
Classification of ethical theories
2
1
Classical theories
2
40
Platonism
3
4
Aristotle: the doctrine of the mean
7
4
Hedonism: the philosophy of Epicurus
11
4
Cynicism
15
3
Stoicism
18
4
Christian ethics
22
4
The philosophy of Spinoza
26
6
Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
32
3
Kantian ethics
35
7
Modern ethics
42
15
Definition of ``modern ethics''
42
3
Subjectivism and objectivism (moral realism)
45
1
Naturalism, nonnaturalism, and emotivism
46
1
Motivist, consequence, and deontological theories
47
1
Analysis of subjectivism and objectivism
48
4
Applied ethics
52
5
Suggested further reading
57
2
Political philosophy
59
40
Definition of ``political philosophy''
59
1
Plato's political philosophy
60
6
The political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes
66
4
The political philosophy of John Locke
70
6
The political philosophy of John Stuart Mill
76
6
The political philosophy of Karl Marx
82
11
Contemporary political theory
93
5
Suggested further reading
98
1
Metaphysics
99
52
What is metaphysics?
99
1
Pluralism and monism
99
1
Scope of metaphysics
100
1
The problem of permanence and change
100
5
The mind-body problem
105
9
The problem of free will and determinism
114
7
Types of metaphysical systems
121
17
Some criticisms of metaphysics
138
11
Suggested further reading
149
2
Philosophy of religion
151
30
Philosophy and religion
151
1
The problem of religious knowledge
151
3
Natural and revealed religion
154
1
Hume's argument
155
7
The cosmological (or causal) argument
162
4
The ontological argument
166
3
Conclusions
169
4
The problem of the nature of God
173
6
Suggested further reading
179
2
The theory of knowledge
181
56
Rene Descartes: the problem posed
181
5
The problem of knowledge: a closer look
186
1
Ancient Greek philosophy
187
2
Plato
189
1
Socrates's theory of universal forms
190
1
The philosopher-king
191
6
Descartes's theory of knowledge
197
5
The argument for objective reality
202
1
Rationalist theories of knowledge
203
2
Empirical philosophy
205
1
John Locke
206
8
Bishop George Berkeley
214
8
David Hume
222
11
Summary of the empirical theory of knowledge
233
1
The empiricist critique of rationalism
233
1
Summary
234
1
Suggested further reading
235
2
Logic
237
37
The definition of ``logic''
237
1
Deductive and inductive logic
238
3
Deductive logic: the syllogism
241
1
The terminology of logic
241
1
Affirmative and negative propositions
242
2
Universal, particular, and singular propositions
244
1
The four standard propositions of logic
245
1
The distribution of terms
246
2
Middle, major, and minor terms
248
2
Rules for determining validity and invalidity
250
3
Translating ordinary into logical sentences
253
3
Equivalent sentences
256
1
Obversion
257
1
Conversion
257
1
Contraposition
258
1
Fallacies
259
8
Logic, semiotics, and semantics
267
2
Summary
269
1
Answers to exercises
269
4
Suggested further reading
273
1
Contemporary philosophy
274
45
Pragmatism
274
4
The pluralistic universe
278
1
Instrumentalism
279
2
Some criticisms of pragmatism
281
1
Philosophical analysis
282
2
Logical atomism: The philosophy of Bertrand Russell and the early Ludwig Wittgenstein
284
7
Logical positivism: Schlick, Carnap, Ayer
291
5
Ordinary language philosophy: Moore and the later Wittgenstein
296
6
Existentialism and phenomenology
302
1
Søren Kierkegaard
302
7
Contemporary existentialism
309
4
Deconstructionism
313
2
Rorty
315
1
Conclusion
316
1
Suggested further reading
317
2
Index
319