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Tables of Contents for Structure & Function of the Body
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY,
1
19
Structural Levels of Organization,
2
2
Anatomical Position,
4
1
Anatomical Directions,
4
3
Planes or Body Sections,
7
1
Body Cavities,
8
3
Body Regions,
11
3
The Balance of Body Functions,
14
6
2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE,
20
20
Levels of Chemical Organization,
21
2
Atoms,
22
1
Elements, Molecules, and Compounds,
22
1
Chemical Bonding,
23
2
Ionic Bonds,
23
1
Covalent Bonds,
24
1
Inorganic Chemistry,
25
4
Water,
25
2
Acids, Bases, and Salts,
27
2
Organic Chemistry,
29
11
Carbohydrates,
29
1
Lipids,
29
3
Proteins,
32
1
Nucleic Acids,
33
7
3 CELLS AND TISSUES,
40
38
Cells,
42
6
Size and Shape,
42
1
Composition,
42
1
Parts of the Cell,
42
5
Relationship of Cell Structure and Function,
47
1
Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes,
48
5
Passive Transport Processes,
49
2
Active Transport Processes,
51
2
Cell Reproduction and Heredity,
53
5
DNA Molecule and Genetic Information,
53
2
Cell Division,
55
3
Tissues,
58
20
Epithelial Tissue,
58
4
Connective Tissue,
62
3
Muscle Tissue,
65
3
Nervous Tissue,
68
10
4 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY,
78
20
Organ Systems of the Body,
80
12
Integumentary System,
80
1
Skeletal System,
80
3
Muscular System,
83
1
Nervous System,
83
1
Endocrine System,
84
1
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System,
85
1
Lymphatic System,
85
2
Respiratory System,
87
1
Digestive System,
88
1
Urinary System,
88
1
Reproductive System,
89
3
The Body as a Whole,
92
6
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AND BODY MEMBRANES,
98
22
Classification of Body Membranes,
98
4
Epithelial Membranes,
100
2
Connective Tissue Membranes,
102
1
The Skin,
102
18
Structure of the Skin,
102
4
Appendages of the Skin,
106
4
Functions of the Skin,
110
1
Burns,
111
9
6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM,
120
36
Functions of the Skeletal System,
120
2
Support,
122
1
Protection,
122
1
Movement,
122
1
Storage,
122
1
Hemopoiesis,
122
1
Types of Bones,
122
1
Structure of Long Bones,
122
1
Microscopic Structure of Bone and Cartilage,
123
2
Bone Formation and Growth,
125
2
Divisions of Skeleton,
127
15
Axial Skeleton,
130
5
Appendicular Skeleton,
135
7
Differences Between a Man's and a Woman's
Skeleton,
142
1
Joints (Articulations),
143
13
Kinds of Joints,
144
12
7 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM,
156
28
Muscle Tissue,
158
1
Structure of Skeletal Muscle,
159
2
Microscopic Structure,
159
2
Functions of Skeletal Muscle,
161
1
Movement,
161
1
Posture,
162
1
Heat Production,
162
1
Fatigue,
162
1
Role of Other Body Systems in Movement,
162
1
Motor Unit,
163
1
Muscle Stimulus,
163
1
Types of Skeletal Muscle Contraction,
164
1
Twitch and Tetanic Contractions,
164
1
Isotonic Contraction,
164
1
Isometric Contraction,
164
1
Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscles,
164
2
Skeletal Muscle Groups,
166
7
Muscles of the Head and Neck,
166
5
Muscles That Move the Upper Extremities,
171
1
Muscles of the Trunk,
171
1
Muscles That Move the Lower Extremities,
172
1
Movements Produced by Skeletal Muscle Contractions,
173
11
8 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM,
184
42
Organs and Divisions of the Nervous System,
186
1
Cells of the Nervous System,
187
2
Neurons,
187
1
Glia,
187
2
Nerves,
189
1
Reflex Arcs,
190
3
Nerve Impulses,
193
1
The Synapse,
193
3
Central Nervous System,
196
12
Divisions of the Brain,
196
6
Spinal Cord,
202
3
Coverings and Fluid Spaces of the Brain and Spinal Cord,
205
3
Peripheral Nervous System,
208
2
Cranial Nerves,
208
1
Spinal Nerves,
208
2
Autonomic Nervous System,
210
16
Functional Anatomy,
211
2
Autonomic Conduction Paths,
213
1
Sympathetic Nervous System,
214
1
Parasympathetic Nervous System,
214
1
Autonomic Neurotransmitters,
215
1
Autonomic Nervous System as a Whole,
216
10
9 THE SENSES,
226
24
Classification of Sense Organs,
228
1
Converting a Stimulus into a Sensation,
228
1
General Sense Organs,
228
3
Special Sense Organs,
231
19
The Eye,
231
7
The Ear,
238
4
The Taste Receptors,
242
1
The Smell Receptors,
243
7
10 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM,
250
30
Mechanisms of Hormone Action,
252
5
Nonsteroid Hormones,
255
1
Steroid Hormones,
256
1
Regulation of Hormone Secretion,
257
1
Prostaglandins,
257
1
Pituitary Gland,
258
3
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones,
259
1
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones,
260
1
Hypothalamus,
261
1
Thyroid Gland,
261
1
Parathyroid Glands,
262
2
Adrenal Glands,
264
4
Adrenal Cortex,
264
2
Adrenal Medulla,
266
2
Pancreatic Islets,
268
2
Female Sex Glands,
270
1
Male Sex Glands,
270
2
Thymus,
272
1
Placenta,
272
1
Pineal Gland,
272
1
Other Endocrine Structures,
272
8
11 BLOOD,
280
18
Blood Composition,
282
8
Blood Plasma,
282
1
Formed Elements,
283
1
Red Blood Cells,
283
3
White Blood Cells,
286
1
Platelets and Blood Clotting,
287
3
Blood Types,
290
8
ABO System,
290
1
Rh System,
291
7
12 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM,
298
36
Heart,
300
11
Location, Size, and Position,
300
1
Anatomy,
300
3
Heart Sounds,
303
1
Blood Flow Through the Heart,
303
2
Blood Supply to the Heart Muscle,
305
1
Cardiac Cycle,
305
3
Conduction System of the Heart,
308
1
Electrocardiogram,
308
3
Blood Vessels,
311
2
Types,
311
1
Structure,
312
1
Functions,
313
1
Circulation,
313
5
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation,
313
2
Hepatic Portal Circulation,
315
3
Fetal Circulation,
318
1
Blood Pressure,
318
6
Understanding Blood Pressure,
318
4
Factors That Influence Blood Pressure,
322
1
Fluctuations in Blood Pressure,
323
1
Pulse,
324
10
13 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY,
334
24
The Lymphatic System,
336
5
Lymph and Lymph Vessels,
336
1
Lymph Nodes,
336
2
Thymus,
338
2
Tonsils,
340
1
Spleen,
341
1
The Immune System,
341
3
Functions of the Immune System,
341
1
Nonspecific Immunity,
342
1
Specific Immunity,
342
2
Immune System Molecules,
344
2
Antibodies,
344
1
Complement Proteins,
344
2
Immune System Cells,
346
12
Phagocytes,
346
1
Lymphocytes,
347
11
14 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM,
358
30
Structural Plan,
360
3
Respiratory Tracts,
363
1
Respiratory Mucosa,
363
1
Nose,
364
1
Pharynx,
364
3
Larynx,
367
Trachea,
338
32
Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli,
370
1
Lungs and Pleura,
370
1
Respiration,
371
8
Mechanics of Breathing,
373
2
Exchange of Gases in Lungs,
375
2
Exchange of Gases in Tissues,
377
1
Volumes of Air Exchanged in Pulmonary Ventilation,
377
2
Regulation of Respiration,
379
2
Cerebral Cortex,
380
1
Receptors Influencing Respiration,
381
1
Types of Breathing,
381
7
15 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM,
388
30
Wall of the Digestive Tract,
390
2
Mouth,
392
2
Teeth,
394
2
Typical Tooth,
394
2
Salivary Glands,
396
1
Pharynx,
397
1
Esophagus,
397
1
Stomach,
397
3
Small Intestine,
400
2
Liver and Gallbladder,
402
2
Pancreas,
404
1
Large Intestine,
404
3
Appendix,
407
1
Peritoneum,
407
1
Extensions,
407
1
Digestion,
408
3
Carbohydrate Digestion,
409
1
Protein Digestion,
409
1
Fat Digestion,
410
1
Absorption,
411
7
16 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM,
418
16
Role of the Liver,
420
1
Nutrient Metabolism,
420
4
Carbohydrate Metabolism,
420
3
Fat Metabolism,
423
1
Protein Metabolism,
423
1
Vitamins and Minerals,
424
1
Metabolic Rates,
424
4
Body Temperature,
428
6
17 THE URINARY SYSTEM,
434
20
Kidneys,
437
4
Location,
437
1
Internal Structure,
437
1
Microscopic Structure,
438
1
Function,
438
3
Formation of Urine,
441
3
Control of Urine Volume,
443
1
Ureters,
444
1
Urinary Bladder,
444
1
Urethra,
445
2
Micturition,
447
7
18 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE,
454
16
Body Fluids,
456
1
Body Fluid Compartments,
457
1
Mechanisms That Maintain Fluid Balance,
458
6
Regulation of Fluid Intake,
459
1
Importance of Electrolytes in Body Fluids,
460
2
Capillary Blood Pressure and Blood Proteins,
462
2
Fluid Imbalances,
464
6
19 ACID-BASE BALANCE,
470
16
pH of Body Fluids,
472
1
Mechanisms That Control pH of Body Fluids,
472
7
Buffers,
473
2
Respiratory Mechanism of pH Control,
475
2
Urinary Mechanism of pH Control,
477
2
pH Imbalances,
479
7
Metabolic and Respiratory Disturbances,
479
1
Vomiting,
480
6
20 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS,
486
28
Common Structural and Functional Characteristics Between the Sexes,
488
1
Male Reproductive System,
488
8
Structural Plan,
488
1
Testes,
489
4
Reproductive Ducts,
493
1
Accessory or Supportive Sex Glands,
494
1
External Genitals,
495
1
Female Reproductive System,
496
10
Structural Plan,
496
1
Ovaries,
496
3
Reproductive Ducts,
499
1
Accessory or Supportive Sex Glands,
500
1
External Genitals,
501
1
Menstrual Cycle,
502
4
Summary of Male and Female Reproductive Systems,
506
8
21 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT,
514
25
Prenatal Period,
516
8
Fertilization to Implantation,
516
5
Periods of Development,
521
1
Formation of the Primary Germ Layers,
521
1
Histogenesis and Organogenesis,
521
2
Birth Defects,
523
1
Birth or Parturition,
524
3
Stages of Labor,
524
3
Postnatal Period,
527
3
Infancy,
528
1
Childhood,
528
1
Adolescence and Adulthood,
529
1
Older Adulthood,
530
1
Effects of Aging,
530
9
Skeletal System,
530
2
Integumentary System (Skin),
532
1
Urinary System,
532
1
Respiratory System,
532
1
Cardiovascular System,
532
1
Special Senses,
533
Appendixes
A Body Mass Index,
539
1
B Common Medical Abbreviations, Prefixes, and Suffixes,
540
2
Chapter Test Answers,
542
Glossary,
G-1
Photo Credits,
C-1