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Tables of Contents for Principles of Physiology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
1
3
Part I Cell Physiology
Howard C. Kutchai
Cellular Membranes and Transmembrane Transport of Solutes and Water
4
15
Membranes
4
2
Membrane composition
6
1
Membranes as permeability barriers
7
1
The transport of molecules through membranes occurs by diffusion, osmosis, and protein-mediated process
8
2
Water flows by osmosis when there is a solute concentration difference across a membrane
10
3
Transport proteins are responsible for moving important substances across membranes
13
6
Ionic Equilibria and Resting Membrane Potentials
19
10
Lonic equilibria
19
4
Resting membrane potentials
23
6
Generation and conduction of Action Potentials
29
10
Action potentials have different forms in different tissues
29
1
Membrane potentials
29
2
Lonic mechanisms of action potentials
31
2
Properties of action potentials
33
1
Conduction of action potentials
34
5
Synaptic Transmission
39
14
At electrical synapses, gap junctions permit ions to flow from one cell to another
39
1
At a chemical synapse, a neurotransmitter substance released by the presynaptic cell evokes electrical responses in the postsynaptic cell
39
2
The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse
41
2
Chemical synapses between neurons share many of the properties of neuromuscular junctions
43
3
Many compounds serve as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
46
4
Neurotransmitter receptors are ligand-gated ion channels or signal-transduction proteins
50
3
Membrane Receptors, Second Messengers, and Signal-Transduction Pathways
53
15
A signal-transduction pathway links the binding of a regulatory substance to its membrane receptor with its intracellular effect
53
3
Two classes of G proteins: heterotrimeric and monomeric
56
3
A second messenger--dependent protein kinase is modulated by the cellular level of a second messenger
59
2
Tyrosine kinases play key roles in the control of cellular proliferation
61
1
Protein phosphatases undo the work of protein kinases
62
1
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have guanylyl cyclase activity
63
1
Nitric oxide is a short-lived paracrine mediator
63
5
Part II Nervous System
William D. Willis, Jr.
Cellular Organization
68
10
Cellular composition
68
1
Organization of the nervous system
68
1
Environment of the neuron
69
2
Microscopic anatomy of the neuron
71
2
General functions of the nervous system
73
1
Transmission of information
73
2
Reactions to injury
75
3
General Sensory System
78
17
Principles of sensory physiology
78
4
Somatovisceral sensory system
82
13
Special Senses
95
17
Visual system
95
6
Auditory system
101
5
Vestibular system
106
2
Chemical sensory system
108
4
Motor System
112
22
Spinal cord motor organization
112
10
Organization of descending motor pathways
122
1
Brainstem control of posture and movement
123
5
Cortical control of voluntary movement
128
1
Cerebellar regulation of posture and movement
129
2
Regulation of posture and movement by the basal ganglia
131
3
Autonomic Nervous System and Its Control
134
8
Organization of the autonomic nervous system
134
3
Autonomic functions
137
1
Functions of the hypothalamus
138
1
Limbic system
139
3
Higher Functions of the Nervous System
142
6
Electroencephalogram
142
1
Evoked potentials
142
1
States of consciousness
142
2
Learning and memory
144
1
Cerebral dominance
145
3
Part III Muscle
Richard A. Murphy
Molecular Basis of Contraction
148
6
Contractile unit
148
1
Cross-bridge cycling produces muscle contraction
148
2
Contraction can produce several actions
150
4
Muscles Acting on the Skeleton
154
10
Skeletal muscle usually acts on the skeleton
154
2
Ca++ mobilization regulates skeletal muscle contraction
156
2
Skeletal muscle is functionally diverse
158
2
Muscle fibers grow and adapt with exercise
160
4
Muscles in the Walls of Hollow Organs
164
12
Muscle regulates the volume of hollow organs
164
1
Cellular structure is linked to function
165
2
Extracellular signals influence Ca++ mobilization
167
3
Ca++ regulates cross-bridge cycling in smooth muscle
170
2
Cardiac muscle has unique characteristics
172
4
Part IV Cardiovascular System
Robert M. Berne
Matthew N. Levy
Overview of Circulation
176
3
Blood and Hemostasis
179
5
Blood is a suspension of red cells, white cells, and platelets in a complex solution (plasma) of gases, salts, proteins, and lipids
179
1
Blood groups are important in matching blood for transfusions
180
1
Hemostasis is accomplished by vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation
180
2
Blood clots can be lysed, and blood coagulation can be prevented
182
2
Electrical Activity of the Heart
184
17
Action potentials in the heart are prolonged
184
1
The cardiac transmembrane potential depends mainly on K+, Na+, and Ca++
185
3
Conduction in cardiac fibers in mediated by localized ionic currents
188
1
Cardiac excitability varies throughout the action potential
189
1
Natural excitation of the heart
190
5
Reentry is the basis of many rhythm disturbances
195
2
Electrocardiography is an important clinical tool
197
4
Cardiac Pump
201
13
The gross and microscopic structures of the heart are uniquely designed for optimal function
201
8
The sequential relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles constitute the cardiac cycle
209
5
Regulation of the Heartbeat
214
13
The heart rate is under nervous control
214
5
Regulation of myocardial performance
219
8
Hemodynamics
227
10
Various physical factors govern blood flow
227
1
Velocity of the bloodstream
227
1
The relationship between blood flow and pressure depends on the characteristics of the blood and conduits
228
2
Hydraulic resistance to blood flow depends on flow and pressure difference
230
2
Blood flow may be laminar or turbulent
232
1
Bolld is a nonnewtonian fluid
233
4
Arterial System
237
9
Arteries serve ad hydraulic filters
237
1
Arteries are compliant tubes
237
2
Determinants of arterial blood pressure
239
4
Blood pressure measurement in humans
243
3
Microcirculation and Lymphatics
246
10
Functional anatomy
246
3
Transcapillary exchange
249
4
The lymphatics return fluid and solutes that escape from the capillaries to the circulating blood
253
3
Peripheral Circulation and Its Control
256
9
Contraction and relaxation of arteriolar vascular smooth muscle regulate peripheral blood flow
256
1
Intrinsic or local control of peripheral blood flow
256
2
Extrinsic control of peripheral blood flow is mediated mainly by the sympathetic nervous system
258
4
Balance between intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the regulation of peripheral blood flow
262
3
Control of Cardiac Output: Coupling of the Heart and Blood Vessels
265
11
Critical cardiac and vascular factors regulate cardiac output
265
1
Cardiac output affects central venous pressure
266
3
The heart and blood vessels interact with each other
269
3
Changes in heart rate have variable effects on cardiac output
272
1
Ancillary factors also regulate cardiac output
273
3
Special Circulations
276
13
Cutaneous circulation
276
2
Skeletal muscle circulation
278
1
Coronary circulation
279
3
Cerebral circulation
282
1
Splanchnic circulation
283
1
Fetal circulation
284
5
Interplay of Central and Peripheral Factors in Control of the Circulation
289
13
Exercise
289
4
Hemorrhage
293
9
Part V Respiratory System
Mario Castro
Overview of the Respiratory System
302
9
Necessity of respiration
302
1
Blood gas transport and tissue gas exchange
303
1
Control of breathing
304
1
Structure-fuction relationships
304
4
Pulmonary circulation
308
1
Physiological lung unit
309
2
Mechanical Aspects of Breathing
311
12
Components of ventilation
311
1
The breathing pump
312
3
The breathing cycle
315
8
Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulations and the Distribution of Ventilation and Perfusion
323
11
Pulmonary circulation
323
5
Bronchial circulation
328
6
Transport of O2 and CO2 Between the Lungs and Body Cells
334
9
O2 transport
334
3
Respiratory gas diffusion in the body
337
2
CO2 transport
339
4
Control of breathing
343
11
Central organization of breathing
343
2
Chemoreceptor control of breathing
345
2
Mechanical control of breathing
347
1
Respiratory failure
348
1
Sleep
348
2
Acclimatization to altitude
350
4
Part VI Gastrointestinal System
Haward C. Kutchai
Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract
354
19
The wall of the gastrointestinal tract has a layered structure
354
1
The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by hormones, paracrine agonists, and nerves
354
4
Gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells have unique mechanical and electrophysiological properties
358
1
The enteric nervous system functions as a semiautonomous ``enteric brain,''
359
1
Chewing is frequently a reflex behavior
360
1
Swallowing is accomplished via a complex reflex
360
1
The esophagus moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
361
1
Contractions of the stomach mix and propel gastric contents
362
3
Vomiting is the expulsion of gastric (and sometimes duodenal) contents from the gastrointestinal tract via the mouth
365
1
The motility of the small intestine mixes and propels intestinal contents
366
2
The motility of the colon facilitates the absorption of salts and water and permits the orderly evacuation of feces
368
5
Gastrointestinal Secretions
373
17
Salvia lubricates food and begins the digestion of starch
373
2
Gastric secretions begin the digestion of proteins and have other important functions
375
6
Pancreatic secretions include enzymes that digest all the major foodstuffs
381
2
Functions of the liver and gallbladder
383
4
Electrolytes, water, and mucus are secreted by intestinal mucosa
387
3
Digestion and Absorption
390
18
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
390
2
Digestion and absorption of proteins
392
1
Intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes
393
4
Ca++ is actively absorbed in all segments of the intestine
397
1
Ingested iron is absorbed
398
1
Absorption of other ions
399
1
Transport proteins mediate the absorption of most water-soluble vitamins
399
1
Digestion and absorption of lipids
400
8
Part VII Renal System
Bruce M. Koeppen
Bruce A. Stanton
Element of Renal Function
408
15
The kidneys have several major functions
408
1
Structure and function are closely linked in the kidneys
409
3
Once urine leaves the renal pelvis, it flows through the ureters and enters the urinary bladder, where urine is stored
412
1
The glomerular filtration rate is equal to the sum of the filtration rates of all the functioning nephrons
413
4
Blood flow through the kidneys serves several important functions
417
2
Hormones and sympathetic nerves regulate the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow
419
4
Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function
423
11
Quantitatively, the resorption of sodium chloride and water represents the major function of nephrons
423
6
Several hormones and factors regulate sodium chloride resorption
429
5
Control of Body Fluid Volume and Osmolality
434
21
Body fluid compartments
434
2
Control of body fluid osmolality: urine concentration and dilution
436
8
Control of extracellular fluid volume and regulation of renal NaCl excretion
444
11
Potassium, Calcuim, and Phosphate Homeostasis
455
14
K+, one of the most abundant cations in the body, is critical of many cell functions
455
1
Several hormones promote the uptake of K+ into cells after a rise in plasma K+ concentration
456
1
Some hormones and factors disturb normal K+ uptake by cells
457
1
The kidneys play a major role in maintaining K+ balance
458
3
Ca++ and inorganic phosphate are multivalent ions that have many complex and vital functions
461
8
Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance
469
15
Overview of acid-base balance
469
1
Renal acid excretion
470
5
Acid-base disorders
475
3
Analysis of acid-base disorders
478
6
Part VIII Endocrine System
Saul M. Genuth
General Principles of Endocrine Physiology
484
10
The endocrine system is a key component in environmental adaptation
484
2
Hormones are synthesized, stored, and secreted in a variety of ways
486
2
The dominant mechanism of regulating hormone secretion is negative feedback
488
1
Hormone turnover
488
1
Hormone responses require recognition by the target cell, generation of second messengers, and various intracellular effector mechanisms
489
5
Whole Body Metabolism
494
14
Energy metabolism
494
1
Energy generation
495
2
Energy storage and transfers
497
1
Carbohydrate metabolism
498
1
Protein metabolism
499
1
Fat metabolism
500
2
Metabolic adaptations
502
2
Regulation of energy stores
504
4
Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets
508
11
Functional anatomy
508
7
Glucagon
515
2
Insulin/glucagon ration
517
2
Endocrine Regulation of the Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphate
519
14
Calcium and phosphate turnover
519
2
Bone turnover
521
2
Vitamin D
523
3
Parathyroid gland function
526
3
Calcitonin
529
1
Integrated regulation of calcium and phosphate
530
3
Hypothalamus and pituitary Gland
533
15
The anatomy and embryological development of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland subserve their close functional relationship
533
2
Hypothalamic function regulates pituitary gland secretions to coordinate with the essential needs of the organism
535
2
The posterior pituitary gland regulates water metabolism and breast milk secretion
537
3
The anterior pituitary gland secretes numerous hormones with various functions
540
8
Thyroid Gland
548
11
Functional anatomy
548
3
Thyroid gland activity is regulated by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
551
2
The metabolism of thyroid hormone contributes to its actions
553
1
The intracellular actions of thyroid hormone are mediated by nuclear receptors and changes in gene expression
554
5
Adrenal Cortex
559
13
Adrenal hormones from separate anatomical zones regulate or modulate many essential physiological processes
559
3
Cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex is basically regulated through negative feedback on its hypothalamus and pituitary gland
562
2
Cortisol (glucocorticoids) actions permit many physiological processes to be maintained at normal levels
564
4
Aldosterone secretion is regulated primarily in response to changes in sodium availability and extracellular fluid volume
568
4
Adrenal Medulla
572
7
The adrenal medulla functions partly as a sympathetic nervous system ganglion and partly as an endocrine gland
572
1
Catecholamine hormones are synthesized in sequential steps alternating between the cytoplasm and storage granules of the adrenomedullary cells
572
2
Catecholamine hormones work through several plasma membrane receptors and second messengers
574
2
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, adrenal medulla, and sympathetic nervous system together integrate the response to stress
576
3
Overview of Reproductive Function
579
11
The gonads contain several cell types with different reproductive and hormonal functions
579
1
Synthesis of sex steroid hormones
579
2
Regulation of gonadal steroid hormone secretion
581
1
The secretion pattern of sex steroid hormones varies markedly at different stage of life
582
2
The two genders are normally differentiated by genetic, gonadal, and genital (phenotypic0 factors
584
6
Male Reproduction
590
8
The anatomy of the testis creates special conditions conducive to the maturation of germ cells under endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation
590
1
Biology of spermatogenesis
590
2
Delivery of spermatozoa
592
1
During puberty, males develop adult levels of androgenic hormones and full reproductive function
592
1
Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis
593
2
Androgens
595
3
Female Reproduction
598
19
Biology of oogenesis
598
3
Hormonal regulation of oogenesis
601
4
The cyclic changes in ovarian hormone secretion affect all the reproductive tract tissues involved in conception
605
1
Estrongens and progesterone modulate gene expression
606
1
Estradiol and progesterone circulate bound to protein
607
1
Female puberty
607
1
Estrogen deficiency characterizes menopause
607
1
Endocrine aspects of pregnancy
608
3
Maternal-fetal metabolism
611
1
Parturition
612
1
Lactation
612
5
Answers to Case Studies
617