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Tables of Contents for The Practical Guide to Writing With Readings and Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
Ancillaries
xix
PART ONE An Overview of the Writing Process
1
148
Discovering Ideas
3
23
Starting
3
5
How to Write: Writing as a Physical Act
3
1
Why Write? Writing as Thinking
4
1
Some Ideas About Ideas: Invention
4
1
Starting to Write by Writing
4
1
Listing
5
2
Clustering
7
1
Asking Questions (and Answering Them)
7
1
An Exercise in Critical Reading: Philip Roth, ``Reflections on the Death of a Library''
8
7
Reflection on the Death of a Library
9
2
Philip Roth
An Essay by a Student: On Philip Roth's Reflections
11
1
Keeping a Journal
12
1
Guidelines
12
1
Examples: Journal Entries by Students
13
2
Focusing
15
2
What to Write About: Subject, Topic, Thesis
15
2
Developing Ideas
17
5
Thinking About Audience and Purpose
17
1
Writing from Experience: Two Essays by Students
18
1
Example 1: A Lesson
18
1
Example 2: Dedication Doth Not a Good Teacher Make
19
2
The Groucho Marx Complex
21
1
An Overview: From Subject to Essay
22
2
Exercises
24
1
Suggestions for Writing
25
1
Drafting and Revising
26
25
Reading Drafts
26
3
Imagining Your Audience and Asking Questions
26
2
Peer Review: The Benefits of Having a Real Audience
28
1
From Assignment to Essay: A Case History
29
20
First Draft
32
2
Summary of Peer Group Discussion
34
1
Suki Hudson
Two Sides of a Story (student essay)
35
2
Notes, Drafts, Revisions: An Historian Revises Her Work
37
1
Frances Fitzgerald
Prospero's Army
38
11
Suggestion for Writing
49
2
Shaping Paragraphs
51
29
Paragraph Form and Substance
51
2
Paragraph Unity: Topic Sentences, Topic Ideas
53
1
Examples of Topic Sentences at Beginning and at End, and of Topic ideas
53
1
Unifying Ideas into Paragraphs
54
2
Organization in Paragraphs
56
4
Coherence in Paragraphs
60
2
Transitions
60
1
Repetition
61
1
Linking Paragraphs Together
62
4
The Story Behind the Gestures (student essay)
62
4
Cheryl Lee
Paragraph Length
66
2
The Use and Abuse of Short Paragraphs
66
2
Introductory Paragraphs
68
5
Concluding Paragraphs
73
3
A Checklist for Revising Paragraphs
76
1
Exercises
77
3
Revising Sentences for Conciseness
80
16
Instant Prose (Zonkers)
82
1
How to Avoid Instant Prose
83
1
Extra Words and Empty Words
83
8
Weak Intensifiers and Qualifiers
85
1
Circumlocutions
85
1
Wordy Beginnings
86
1
Empty Conclusions
87
1
Wordy Uses of the Verbs To Be, To Have, and to Make
88
1
Redundancy
89
1
Negative Constructions
90
1
Extra Sentences, Extra Clauses: Subordination
91
2
Who, Which, That
92
1
It Is, This Is, There Are
92
1
Some Concluding Remarks About Conciseness
93
1
Exercises
94
2
Revising Sentences for Clarity
96
30
Clarity
96
2
Clarity and Exactness: Using the Right Word
98
13
Denotation
98
1
Connotation
99
2
Quotation Marks as Apologies
101
1
Being Specific
101
1
Using Examples
102
2
Jargon and Technical Language
104
1
Cliches
105
1
Metaphors and Mixed Metaphors
106
1
Euphemisms
107
1
A Digression on Public Lying
108
1
Passive or Active Voice?
109
1
The Writer's ``I''
110
1
Clarity and Coherence
111
9
Cats Are Dogs
111
1
Items in a Series
112
1
Modifiers
112
1
Misplaced Modifiers
112
1
Squinting Modifiers
113
1
Dangling Modifiers
114
1
Reference of Pronouns
114
1
Vague Reference of Pronouns
115
1
Shift in Pronouns
115
1
Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns
116
1
Agreement
116
1
Noun and Pronoun
116
1
Subject and Verb
117
1
Three Additional Points
117
1
Repetition and Variation
118
1
Euphony
119
1
Transitions
120
1
Clarity and Sentence Structure: Parallelism
120
2
Love Poem
122
1
Robert Bly
Exercises
122
4
Revising Sentences for Emphasis
126
9
Emphasis by Position
126
1
Emphasis by Brevity and Length: Short and Long Sentences
127
3
Emphasis by Repetition
130
1
Emphasis by Subordination
130
3
Five Kinds of Sentences
130
2
Subordination
132
1
Exercise
133
2
The Writer's Voice
135
14
Defining Style
135
1
Style and Tone
136
2
Acquiring Style
138
5
Clarity and Texture
138
1
A Repertory of Styles
139
1
Originality and Imitation
139
1
Practice in Acquiring Style
140
1
Benjamin Franklin's Exercise
140
1
Paraphrasing
140
2
Imitating the Cumulative Sentence
142
1
Academic Styles, Academic Audiences
143
2
The Writer's Voice: Six Examples
145
4
Camille Paglia
William F. Buckley
Alfred North Whitehead
Terry Castle
Thomas R. Edwards
Patricia J. Williams
PART TWO The Writer's Materials and Strategies
149
130
Analytic Thinking and Writing
151
40
Analyzing a Drawing
152
1
Analyzing Texts
152
1
Classifying and Thinking
153
2
Examples of Classifying
154
1
Cause and Effect
155
4
Advertising, Pornography, and Public Space
155
4
Dolores Hayden
Analysis and Description
159
1
Description at Work in the Analytic Essay
159
2
A Note on the Use of Summary in the Analytic Essay
161
1
Comparing
161
7
Organizing Short Comparisons
162
3
Longer Comparisons
165
2
Ways of Organizing an Essay Devoted to a Comparison
167
1
A Checklist for Revising Comparisons
168
1
Analyzing a Process
168
1
Two Essays Analyzing a Process
169
4
Tennis Tips to a Beginning Player (student essay)
169
2
Susan Pope
It's the Portly Penguin That Gets the Girl, French Biologist Claims
171
2
Anne Hebald Mandelbaum
Explaining an Analysis
173
5
The Science of Deduction
173
5
Arthur Conan Doyle
Analysis at Work
178
13
My Father's Photograph
178
4
Samantha Campbell
Columbo Knows the Butler Didn't Do it
182
2
Jeff Greenfield
The Endless Autumn
184
4
Nicolaus Mills
The Word and the Web
188
3
Edward Mendelson
Narrating
191
18
The Uses of Narrative
191
2
Narrative Introductions
191
1
Narratives in Other Positions in an Essay
192
1
Discovering Stories
193
1
Narrative Pace: Scene and Summary
193
1
Organizing a Narrative
194
2
A Letter to the Editor (student writing)
194
2
Narration at Work
196
13
A Conflict of Interest
196
2
Zora Neale Hurston
The Girls' Room
198
3
Laura Cunningham
Anorexia: The Cheating Disorder
201
6
Richard Murphy
Zen and the Art of Burglary
207
2
Wu-Tsu-Fa-Yen
Describing
209
16
Observing Details
209
1
Organizing a Description
210
3
Establishing the Observer's Position
211
1
Establishing the Observer's Point of View
212
1
Describing an Action
213
3
Description at Work
216
9
Observing Mrs. Taylor (student essay)
216
1
Gina Men
Los Angeles Notebook
217
2
Joan Didion
Education
219
2
E. B. White
from At the Buffalo Bill Museum---June 1988
221
4
Jane Tompkins
Defining
225
18
The Need for Definition
225
1
Kinds of Definitions
226
3
Inclusive/Exclusive Definitions
226
1
Stipulative Definitions
227
1
Definition by Origin or History
228
1
The Limits of Definition by Synonym
229
1
A Last Example
229
1
A Note on Using a Dictionary
230
1
A Checklist for Revising Definitions
231
1
Definition at Work
232
11
The Plight of the Politically Correct (student essay)
232
1
Lena Flora
Country Just Ain't What It Used to Be
232
3
Billy Altman
A Question of Language
235
3
Gloria Naylor
Four-Letter Words Can Hurt You
238
1
Barbara Lawrence
Darwin's Disgust
239
4
William Ian Miller
Persuading
243
36
Making Reasonable Arguments
243
1
Making Reasonable Claims
244
3
Claims of Fact
245
1
Claims of Value
245
1
Claims of Policy
246
1
Three Kinds of Evidence: Examples, Testimony, Statistics
247
2
Examples
247
1
Testimony
248
1
Statistics
249
1
How Much Evidence Is Enough?
249
1
Avoiding Fallacies
250
3
Wit
253
2
Avoiding Sarcasm
254
1
Organizing an Argument
255
1
A Checklist for Revising Drafts of Persuasive Essays
256
3
Persuasion at Work
259
20
Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life
259
4
Edward Koch
The Death Penalty
263
3
David Bruck
The True Terror Is in the Card
266
3
Robert Ellis Smith
Radio Hoods
269
10
Patricia J. Williams
PART THREE Some Forms of Academic Writing
279
148
Outlining and Summarizing
281
8
Outlining
281
3
Scratch Outline
282
1
Paragraph Outline
282
1
Formal Outline
283
1
Summarizing
284
3
What a Summary Is
284
1
How to Write a Summary
285
1
How Much Summary Is Enough?
286
1
Exercises
287
2
Reviewing
289
6
Writing a Book Review
289
3
Review of The Hidden Writer: Diaries and the Creative Life
290
2
Jane Brox
Writing Other Reviews
292
3
Deconstructing Pop: The Halo Benders (student essay)
292
3
Joshua Derman
Interviewing
295
10
Writing an Essay Based on an Interview
295
6
The Einstein of Happiness
296
3
Patricia Freeman
Ethnobotanists Race Against Time to Save Useful Plants
299
2
Eileen Garred
Guidelines for Conducting the Interview and Writing the Essay
301
4
The Research Essay
305
72
What Research Is
305
1
Primary and Secondary Materials
306
1
Developing a Research Topic
306
1
Getting Started
307
1
The Library's Central Information System
307
1
The Online Catalog
308
5
Scanning Books and Book Reviews
313
1
Finding Articles in Periodicals
314
1
Finding Bibliographies
314
1
A Word on the Internet
315
1
Reading and Taking Notes on Secondary Sources
316
2
A Guide to Note Taking
317
1
Acknowledging Sources
318
3
Borrowing Without Plagiarizing
318
2
Fair Use of Common Knowledge
320
1
``But How Else Can I Put It?''
321
1
Writing the Essay
321
2
A Checklist for Reading Drafts
323
1
Documentation
323
28
MLA Format
323
1
Citations Within the Text
323
8
A Note on Footnotes in an Essay Using Parenthetic Citations
331
1
The List of Works Cited
332
13
APA Format
345
1
An Overview of the APA Format
345
1
Citations Within the Text
345
1
The List of References
346
2
Sample References
348
3
A Note on Other Systems of Documentation
351
1
Two Sample Research Essays
351
22
MLA style
352
1
Politics and Psychology in The Awakening (student essay)
352
10
Beatrice Cody
APA style
362
1
Nitrite: Preservative or Carcinogen? (student essay)
362
11
Jacob Alexander
Exercises
373
4
Writing About Literature
377
44
Responding to Literary Texts
377
1
Reading Fiction
378
22
Muddy Road
378
1
Anonymous
The Yellow Wallpaper
379
11
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A Student's Response to ``The Yellow Wallpaper'': Aviva Geiger's Preliminary Exercises and Final Draft
390
10
Getting Ideas for Writing About Fiction
400
1
Checklist: Asking Questions About Fiction
400
1
Reading Poetry
401
4
Harlem
401
1
Langston Hughes
A Student Thinks About ``Harlem'': Richard Taub's Annotations, Journal Entries, Notes, and Final Draft
402
3
Getting Ideas for Writing About Poetry
405
1
Checklist: Asking Questions About Poems
405
1
A Range of Critical Approaches
406
1
Three Short Works of Fiction
407
11
Cat in the Rain
407
3
Ernest Hemingway
Girl
410
2
Jamaica Kincaid
If You Touched My Heart
412
6
Isabel Allende
Three Poems
418
3
Sonnet 73
418
1
William Shakespeare
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
418
1
Robert Frost
Immigrants
419
2
Pat Mora
Writing Essay Examinations
421
6
What Examinations Are
421
1
Writing Essay Answers
422
5
Questions on Literature
422
2
Questions on the Social Sciences
424
1
Questions on the Physical Sciences and Mathematics
424
3
PART FOUR A Writer's Handbook
427
54
Punctuation
429
24
A Word on Computer Grammar and Punctuation Checks
430
1
Three Common Errors: Fragments, Comma Splices, and Run-on Sentences
431
3
Fragments and How to Correct Them
431
1
Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences, and How to Correct Them
432
2
The Period
434
1
The Question Mark
434
1
The Colon
434
1
The Semicolon
435
2
The Comma
437
4
The Dash
441
1
Parentheses
442
1
Italics
443
1
Capital Letters
444
1
The Hyphen
445
1
The Apostrophe
446
1
Abbreviations
447
1
Numbers
448
1
Exercises
449
4
Usage
453
18
A Note on Idioms
453
1
Glossary
454
17
Manuscript Form
471
10
Basic Manuscript Form
471
3
Using Quotations (and Punctuating Quotations Correctly)
474
5
Corrections in the Final Copy
479
2
PART FIVE Readings
481
94
Graduation
483
8
Maya Angelou
Nine Beginnings
491
4
Margaret Atwood
High Horse's Courting
495
4
Black Elk
To Lie or Not to Lie?---The Doctor's Dilemma
499
2
Sissela Bok
Who Shot Johnny?
501
3
Debra Dickerson
On Keeping a Notebook
504
5
Joan Didion
Malcolm, the Aardvark and Me
509
2
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Women's Brains
511
5
Stephen Jay Gould
Talking Back
516
4
Bell Hooks
Texas, 1961
520
4
Mary Karr
Nonviolent Resistance
524
2
Martin Luther King Jr.
Why We Crave Horror Movies
526
2
Stephen King
Vivisection
528
4
C. S. Lewis
Studies in the New Causality
532
2
Steve Martin
Being Asynchronous
534
1
Nicholas Negroponte
Total Effect and the Eighth Grade
535
3
Flannery O'Connor
Shooting an Elephant
538
5
George Orwell
Rape and Modern Sex War
543
3
Camille Paglia
Why Boys Don't Play with Dolls
546
3
Katha Pollitt
The Future of Work
549
4
Robert B. Reich
Conversational Ballgames
553
3
Nancy Sakamoto
Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space
556
3
Brent Staples
A Modest Proposal
559
6
Jonathan Swift
Stephen Cruz
565
4
Studs Terkel
Professions for Women
569
5
Virginia Woolf
Last Words
574
1
Literary Credits
575
3
Photo Credits
578
1
Index
579