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Tables of Contents for Intellectual Property
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
iii
 
Research References
xv
 
Table of Cases
xix
 
Introduction
1
3
PART I. PATENTS
The Foundations of Patent Protection
4
16
Origins and Development of United States Patent Law
4
6
Patent Basics
10
6
The Two Theories of Patent Protection
16
4
The Subject Matter of Patents
20
20
Ideas v. Applications
20
1
The Statutory Scheme
21
4
Processes as Subject Matter Apart From Products
25
3
The Boundaries of the Three Product Categories
28
1
Compositions of Matter
29
1
Manufacture
30
1
Machines
31
1
Computer-Related Patents
32
3
Orphan Drug Act
35
1
Plant and Design Patents
36
4
Patentability-Novelty and Statutory Bar
40
27
Overview
40
4
Foreign Anticipation
44
1
Domestic Anticipation
45
2
References to Prior Publications
47
3
Substantial and Realized Anticipation
50
3
Statutory Bar
53
2
The Policies of Statutory Bar
55
2
Publicity and Limited Disclosures
57
4
Competing Claims to Novelty by Two or More Inventors-Priority
61
6
Patentability-Utility
67
4
Qualitative Utility
67
1
Presumed Utility
68
3
Patentability-Nonobviousness
71
26
Overview
71
4
Invention and Nonobviousness
75
3
Negative Rules of Invention
78
3
The Statutory Test
81
5
Nonobviousness and Novelty
86
1
The Secondary Considerations
87
5
The Importation of Section 102 Prior Art into Section 103
92
5
Double--Patenting
97
4
Attempts to Extend the Patent Monopoly
97
2
Terminal Disclaimer
99
2
The Patenting Process
101
27
Overview
101
2
Provisional Patent Applications
102
1
The Patentee
103
1
Joint Invention
104
3
Prosecuting a Patent Application
107
3
The Specifications and Claims
110
3
The Limits of Agency Discretion
113
2
Claims Drafting
115
3
The Duty of Candor
118
4
Publication of Patent Applications
121
1
Reissue and Reexamination
122
2
Judicial Review
124
4
Infringement
128
18
Overview
128
1
File Wrapper Estoppel
129
1
Claim Interpretation-Differentiation, Literality, and Equivalence
130
3
The Patent Rights
133
1
Direct, Indirect, and Contributory Infringement
134
5
Repair and Reconstruction
139
2
Infringement DefensesMisuse
141
3
Prior User Defense
144
2
Remedies
146
4
Overview
146
1
Injunctive Relief
147
1
Damages
147
1
Attorneys' Fees
148
1
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
148
2
Patent Law and the Intersection of State and Federal Regulation
150
4
Overview
150
4
PART II. TRADEMARKS
The Foundations of Trademark Protection
154
10
Origins and Development of Trademark Law
154
3
Common Law Trademark
157
3
Federal Registration
160
4
Distinctiveness
164
24
Overview
164
1
Different Markets
165
2
Prior Use
167
4
Secondary Meaning and Descriptiveness
171
8
The Bars Against Surnames, Geographic Marks, and Immoral Marks
179
7
The Supplemental Register
186
2
Dilution and the Expansion of Trademark Doctrine
188
13
Overview
188
1
Trademarks and Goodwill
189
3
Likelihood of Expansion
192
4
The Interests Protected
196
3
State Antidilution Statutes
199
1
The Federal Antidilution Statute
200
1
Loss of Trademark Protection and Partial Protection
201
23
Partial Rights
201
4
The Rights of a Senior Registrant Against a Preregistration User
205
1
The Rights of a Junior Registrant Against a Preregistration User
206
2
Concurrent Registration
208
5
Abandonment
213
4
Incontestability
217
7
Trademark Practice
224
15
Overview
224
4
First Use in Commerce
228
9
Standing
237
2
Subject Matter
239
21
Overview
239
1
Certification Marks
240
4
Collective Marks
244
2
Service Marks
246
2
Primary Purpose
248
3
The Functional Bar
251
3
Color
254
1
Section 43
255
5
Infringement
260
20
Overview
260
2
Similarity of Marks
262
2
Similarity of Goods or Services
264
3
Character and Similarity of Markets
267
5
Subsidiary Evidence of Likelihood of Confusion
272
3
DefensesFair and Collateral Use
275
3
Gray Market Goods
278
1
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
279
1
Remedies
280
5
Overview
280
1
Injunctive Relief
280
1
Accounting
281
2
Damages
283
1
Attorneys' Fees
283
2
PART III. COPYRIGHT
Foundations of Copyright Protection
285
10
Origins and Development of Copyright Law
285
3
The Copyright Acts
288
2
The Common Law-Statutory Copyright Distinction and the 1976 Act
290
2
Copyright Basics
292
3
The Subject Matter of Copyright
295
28
Originality
295
5
Copyrightable Works
300
6
Noncopyrightable Works
306
1
Writings and Fixation
307
3
Computer Programs
310
4
Semiconductor Chip Protection Act
314
1
Sound Recordings
315
6
Copyright Formalities-Registration and Notice
321
2
Exclusive Rights
323
17
Introduction
323
1
Reproduction
324
1
Derivative Works
325
2
Distribution
327
3
Performance
330
6
Display
336
1
Digital Transmission Performance
337
1
Other Rights in Advanced and Digital Technologies
338
2
Infringement
340
14
Overview
340
2
Proof of Infringement
342
4
Infringement of Musical Works
346
3
Infringement of Literary Works
349
5
Fair Use
354
22
Overview
354
1
The Dynamics of Fair Use
355
3
Purpose and Character of the Use
358
2
Nature of the Work
360
3
The Proportional Amount and Substance of the Use
363
3
The Effect on the Original Author's Economic Market
366
1
Parody, Burlesque, and Satire
367
2
Fair Use and Free Speech
369
2
Photocopying
371
2
The Functional-Equivalents or Transformative-Use Test
373
3
Ownership
376
23
The Copyright and the Material Object
376
1
Multiple Claims to Authorship
377
6
The Rights of Coauthors
383
1
Duration of Ownership
384
2
Termination of Transfers
386
5
Works for Hire
391
3
Preexisting Works
394
5
Formal Requirements
399
8
Registration
399
5
Notice
404
3
Remedies
407
8
Injunctive Relief
407
1
Damages and Profits
408
3
Impoundment
411
1
Criminal Penalties
412
1
Attorneys' Fees and Costs
413
1
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
414
1
Copyright Laws and the Intersection of State and Federal Regulation
415
15
Preemption
415
5
State Remedies
420
4
Other Federal Remedies
424
1
Moral Rights and the Berne Convention
425
5
International Agreements
430
9
Overview
430
1
National Treatment and Minimum Standards
431
1
Non-Self-Executing Force and Reservations
432
1
Copyright Treaties
433
1
Patent Treaties
434
1
Trademark Treaties
435
1
GATT, NAFTA, and TRIPS
436
1
Special Section 301
437
2
Index
439