Foreword

Preface

PART ONE Introduction: ``The Great American Protest''

Origins of the Great Migration

Wartime Opportunities in the North

The Promised Land?

Wartime Black Leaders, the New Negro, and Grassroots Politics

Racial Violence and the Postwar Reaction to Black Activism

Consequences of the Migration

PART TWO The Documents

The Great Migration Begins

Why They Left: Conditions in the South

The Migration of Negroes, June 1917

W. E. B. Du Bois

The Negro Exodus: A Southern Woman's View, March 18, 1917

Mary DeBardeleben

How Much Is the Migration a Flight from Persecution? September 1923

Charles S. Johnson

White Southerners Respond to the Migration

1100 Negroes Desert Savannah, Georgia, August 11, 1916

McDowell Times

New Orleans Times-Picayune, Luring Labor North, August 22, 1916

Southern Blacks' Warnings about Migration

Negroes Urged to Remain in South, November 25, 1916

J. A. Martin

Negro Migration, August 1, 1917

Percy H. Stone

Letters from Migrants

Documents: Letters of Negro Migrants, 1916-1918

The Promised Land?

``The Truth about the North''

Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Arrival in Chicago, 1922

Southwestern Christian Advocate, Read This Before You Move North, April 5, 1917

Negroes a Source of Industrial Labor, August 1918

Dwight Thompson Farnham

The East St. Louis Riot

New Orleans Times-Picayune, The Negro in the North, June 4, 1917

Crisis, The Massacre of East St. Louis, September 1917

Thousands March in Silent Protest, August 4, 1917

Chicago Defender

The Evolution of Black Politics

Patriotism and Military Service

The Reverend J. Edward Pryor, The Patriotism of the Negro, May 4, 1917

Close Ranks, July 1918

W. E. B. Du Bois

The New Republic, Negro Conscription, October 20, 1917

Protest to Boston Herald, April 20, 1918

Leon A. Smith

Houston: An NAACP Investigation, November 1917

Martha Gruening

Racial Clashes, July 26, 1919

Savannah Tribune

The Emergence of the New Negro during and after the War

League Asks Full Manhood Rights, May 19, 1917

Cleveland Gazette

Crisis, The Heart of the South, May 1917

Reconstruction and the Negro, February 1919

Mary White Ovington

The Messenger, Migration and Political Power, July 1918

What We Believe, January 1, 1924, and The Principles of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, November 25, 1922

Marcus Garvey

The Messenger, New Leadership for the Negro, May--June 1919

The Messenger, If We Must Die, September 1919

The New Negro, June 2, 1920

Geroid Robinson

Black Women, Protest, and the Suffrage

Colored Federated Clubs of Augusta, Letter to President Woodrow Wilson, May 29, 1918

New York Age, Campaign for Women Nearing Its Close, November 1, 1917

Savannah Morning News, Negro Women Seek Permission to Vote, November 3, 1920

Black Workers and the Wartime Home Front

Black Men and the Labor Question

Crisis, Trades Unions, March 1918

United Mine Workers Journal, From Alabama: Colored Miners Anxious for Organization, June 1, 1916

The Birmingham Case, 1918

Raymond Swing

New Orleans Times-Picayune, Negro Organizer Tarred, June 14, 1918

Negro Strikers Return to Work, October 3, 1918

Birmingham Ledger

Black Women and the War

Houston Labor Journal, Colored Women of Houston Organize, May 6, 1916

Tampa Morning Tribune, Negro Washerwomen to Have Union Wage Scale, October 10, 1918

Mobile Register, Workers Strike in Laundries to Get Higher Pay, April 23, 1918

Mobile News-Item, Negro Women Are Under Arrest in Laundry Strike, April 25, 1918

Tampa Morning Tribune, Negro Women Living in Idleness Must Go to Work or to Jail, October 17, 1918

Savannah Tribune, Negroes to Demand Work at Charleston Navy Yard, May 19, 1917

Opportunities and Obstacles in the Postwar Era

An Uncertain Future

Views and Reviews: Now Comes the Test, November 23, 1918

James W. Johnson

Reconstruction and the Colored Woman, January 1919

Forrester B. Washington

Letters from the U.S. Department of Labor Case Files, 1919

George E. Haynes

William B. Wilson

Sidney J. Catts

Bogalusa, January 1920

Mary White Ovington

Colored Labor Delegation Demands Rights in Alabama, February 28, 1920

Chicago Whip

Negroes in the Unions, August 1925

George Schuyler

1919 Riots

The Rights of the Black Man, August 2, 1919

Washington Bee

Jackson (Mississippi) Daily News, Race Riots in Chicago, July 28, 1919

Chicago in the Nation's Race Strife, August 9, 1919

Graham Taylor

The Elaine Massacre

Newport News Times-Herald, Slowly Restore Order Today in Riot Districts, October 3, 1919

The Race Conflict in Arkansas, December 13, 1919

Walter F. White

Pittsburgh Courier, How the Arkansas Peons Were Freed, July 28, 1923

Postwar Migration

Heading South? or Coming North?

Jackson (Mississippi) Daily News, ``Chi'' Negroes Ask to Return to Mississippi, August 1, 1919

Tampa Morning Tribune, Negroes Who Come to South Are Better Off, August 24, 1919, and Find the Southern Negro Prosperous, October 5, 1919

Why Southern Negroes Don't Go South, November 29, 1919

T. Arnold Hill

Buffalo American, Mighty Exodus Continues; Cause Not Economic, July 22, 1920

Building a New Life in the North

These ``Colored'' United States, December 1923

Charles S. Johnson

Negro Migration: Its Effect on Family and Community Life in the North, October 1924

George E. Haynes

The New Negro and the Harlem Renaissance

The New Negro, 1925

Alain Locke

APPENDIXES

Chronology of Events Related to the Great Migration (1865--1925)

Questions for Consideration

Selected Bibliography

Index