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Tables of Contents for The Bedford Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface for Instructors
v
How to Use This Book
xix
PART I The Writing Process
1
136
Generate ideas and sketch a plan
2
30
Assessing the writing situation
2
16
Exploring your subject
18
8
Setting on a tentative focus
26
2
Sketching a tentative plan
28
4
Rough out an initial draft
32
9
Drafting an introduction that includes a thesis
33
7
Filling out the body
40
1
Attempting a conclusion
40
1
Make global revisions; then revise sentences
41
36
Getting distance
43
5
Approaching global revision in cycles
48
11
Revising and editing sentences
59
5
Proofreading the final manuscript
64
13
Expository Student Essay: Explaining an insight
65
12
Build effective paragraphs
77
32
Focusing on a main point
78
5
Developing the main point
83
1
Choosing a suitable pattern of organization
84
10
Arranging information
94
3
Making paragraphs coherent
97
9
Adjusting paragraph length
106
3
Choose an appropriate document design
109
28
Principles of document design
109
10
Academic essay formats
119
3
Model Mla Essay Format
120
2
Business formats
122
5
Business Letter
123
2
Resume
125
1
Memo
126
1
E-mail
127
6
Sample E-Mail
132
1
Web pages
133
4
Sample Web Page
135
2
PART II Critical Thinking
137
44
Writing about texts: Enter into a conversation with authors
138
19
Acquainting yourself with an author
138
2
Reading actively, with a pencil in hand
140
7
Summarizing to demonstrate understanding
147
2
Sample Summary
148
1
Analyzing to demonstrate crirtical thinking
149
8
Sample Analysis
152
5
Construct reasonable arguments
157
24
Planning a strategy
158
2
Framing a thesis and stating major arguments
160
2
Drafting an introduction
162
1
Supporting each argument with specific evidence
163
3
Anticipating objections; refuting opposing arguments
166
1
Establishing common ground
167
1
Avoding common mistakes in reasoning
168
13
Sample Argument Paper
177
4
PART III Clear Sentences
181
66
Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas
182
12
Choppy sentences
186
3
Ineffective or excessive coordination
189
3
Subordination for emphasis
192
1
Excessive subordination
192
2
Balance parallel ideas
194
7
Parallel ideas in a series
195
1
Parallel ideas presented as pairs
196
2
Repetition of function words
198
3
Add needed words
201
6
In compound structures
202
1
that
202
1
In comparisons
203
2
a, an, and the
205
2
Untangle mixed constructions
207
6
Mixed grammar
207
2
Illogical connections
209
1
is when, is where, and reason... is because
210
3
Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers
213
11
Limiting modifiers
213
1
Misplaced phrases and clauses
214
1
Awkwardly placed modifiers
215
2
Split infinitives
217
1
Dangling modifiers
218
6
Eliminate distracting shifts
224
7
Point of view (person, number)
224
1
Verb tense
225
1
Verb mood, voice
226
1
Indirect to direct questions or quotations
227
4
Emphasize your point
231
9
Active verbs
231
4
Subject that names actor
235
2
Special techniques
237
3
Provide some variety
240
7
Sentence openings
241
1
Sentence structures
242
1
Inverted order
243
1
Adding a question or quotation
244
3
PART IV Word Choice
247
36
Tighten wordy sentences
248
8
Redundancies
248
1
Unnecessary repetition
249
1
Empty or inflated phrases
249
2
Simplifying the structure
251
3
Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
254
2
Choose appropriate language
256
14
Jargon
257
1
Pretentious language, euphemisms, ``doublespeak''
258
4
Obsolete, archaic, and invented words
262
1
Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English
262
2
Levels of formality
264
1
Sexist language
265
5
Find the exact words
270
13
Connotations
271
2
Specific, concrete nouns
273
1
Misused words
274
2
Standard idioms
276
2
Worn-out expressions (cliches)
278
1
Figures of speech
279
4
PART V Grammatical Sentences
283
106
Repair sentence fragments
284
12
Subordinate clauses
286
1
Phrases
287
1
Other fragmented word groups
288
3
Acceptable fragments
291
5
Revise run-on sentences
296
12
Correction with coordinating conjunction
298
1
Correction with semicolon, colon, or dash
299
1
Correction by separating sentences
300
1
Correction by restructuring
300
8
Make subjects and verbs agree
308
15
Standard subject-verb combinations
308
4
Words between subject and verb
312
1
Subjects joined with and
312
1
Subjects joined with or, nor, either... or, or neither... nor
313
1
Indefinite pronouns
314
1
Collective nouns
315
2
Subject following verb
317
1
Subject, not subject complement
317
1
who, which, and that
318
2
Words with plural form, singular meaning
320
1
Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases
320
3
Make pronouns and antecedents agree
323
8
Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite pronouns, generic nouns)
323
2
Collective nouns
325
1
Antecedents joined with and
326
1
Antecedents joined with or, nor, either... or, or neither... nor
326
5
Make pronoun references clear
331
6
Ambiguous or remote reference
331
1
Broad reference of this, that, which, and it
332
1
Implified antecedents
333
1
Indefinite use of they, it, and you
334
1
who for persons, that or which for things
335
2
Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me
337
9
Subjective case for subjects and subject complements
338
1
Objective case for objects
338
1
Appositives
339
1
Pronoun following than or as
340
1
we or us before a noun
341
1
Subjects and objects of infinitives
341
1
Pronoun modifying a gerund
341
5
Distinguish between who and whom
346
6
In subordinate clauses
347
2
In questions
349
3
Choose adjectives and adverbs with care
352
7
Adverbs as modifiers
353
1
Adjectives as complements
354
2
Comparatives and superlatives
356
2
Double negatives
358
1
Choose standard English verb forms
359
17
Irregular verbs
360
4
lie and lay
364
2
-s (or -es) endings
366
5
-ed endings
371
2
Omitted verbs
373
3
Use verbs in the appropriate tense, mood, and voice
376
13
Verb tense
376
7
Subjunctive mood
383
3
Active and passive voice
386
3
PART VI ESL Trouble Spots
389
36
Be alert to special problems with verbs
390
15
Helping verbs and main verbs
390
5
Verbs in conditional sentences
395
3
Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
398
4
Two-word verbs
402
2
Omitted verbs
404
1
Use the articles a, an, and the appropriately
405
8
When to use a (or an)
406
1
When not to use a (or an)
407
2
When to use the
409
2
When not to use the
411
2
Be aware of other potential trouble spots
413
12
Omitted subjects, omitted there, it
413
1
Repeated subjects
414
1
Repeated objects, adverbs in adjective clauses
415
2
Placement of adjectives and adverbs
417
3
Confusion of present and past participles
420
2
Prepositions showing time and place
422
3
PART VII Punctuation
425
62
The comma
426
19
Independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction
426
1
Introductory clauses or phrases
427
2
Items in a series
429
1
Coordinate adjectives
430
2
Nonrestrictive elements
432
5
Transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasted elements
437
2
Nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, mild interjections
439
1
Expressions such as he said
440
1
Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
440
1
To prevent confusion
441
4
Unnecessary commas
445
9
Between compound elements that are not independent clauses
445
1
After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
446
1
Before the first or after the last item in a series
446
1
Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
446
1
Before and after restrictive or mildly parenthetical elements
447
1
Before essential adverbial concluding elements
448
1
Between a verb and its subject or object
449
1
Other misuses
449
5
The semicolon
454
6
Independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction
454
1
Independent clauses linked with a transitional expression
455
1
Series containing internal punctuation
456
1
Misuses
457
3
The colon
460
3
Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation introduced by an independent clause
460
1
Between independent clauses
461
1
Salutations, hours and minutes, proportions, titles and subtitles, bibliographic entries
461
1
Misuses
461
2
The apostrophe
463
5
Possessive nouns
463
2
Possessive indefinite pronouns
465
1
Contractions
465
1
Plurals of numbers mentioned as numbers, letters mentioned as letters, words mentioned as words, abbreviations
466
1
Misuses
466
2
Quotation marks
468
8
Direct quotations
468
1
Long quotations
469
1
Quotation within a quotation
470
1
Titles of works
471
1
Words as words
471
1
With other punctuation marks
471
3
Misuses
474
2
End punctuation
476
4
Period
476
2
Question mark
478
1
Exclamation point
478
2
Other punctuation marks: the dash, parentheses, brackets, the ellipsis mark, the slash
480
7
The dash
480
1
Parentheses
481
1
Brackets
482
1
The ellipsis mark
483
1
The slash
484
3
PART VIII Mechanics
487
32
Abbreviations
488
4
Titles with proper names
488
1
Familiar abbreviations
489
1
Conventional abbreviations
489
1
Latin abbreviations
490
1
Misuses
490
2
Numbers
492
3
Spelling out
492
1
Using figures
493
2
Italics (underlining)
495
4
Titles of works
495
1
Names of spacecraft, aircraft, ships, and trains
496
1
Foreign words
497
1
Words mentioned as words, letters mentioned as letters, and numbers mentioned as numbers
497
1
Misuses
498
1
Spelling
499
10
The dictionary
499
3
Words that sound alike
502
1
Spelling rules
503
3
Commonly misspelled words
506
3
The hyphen
509
4
Compound words
509
1
Hyphenated adjectives
509
1
Fractions and compound numbers
510
1
With certain prefixes and suffixes
510
1
To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
511
1
Word division
511
2
Capital letters
513
6
Proper versus common nouns
513
2
Titles with proper names
515
1
Titles and subtitles of works
515
1
First word of a sentence
516
1
First word of a quoted sentence
517
1
First word after a colon
517
1
Abbreviations
518
1
PART IX Researched Writing
519
122
Conducting research
521
25
Posing questions worth exploring
521
4
Mapping out a search strategy
525
2
Tracking down library sources
527
12
Using Internet sources
539
5
Doing field research
544
2
Selecting and reading sources
546
8
Reading selectively
546
3
Maintaining a working bibliography
549
2
Reading with a critical eye
551
3
Managing information; avoding plagiarism
554
8
Managing information systematically
555
3
Avoiding unintentional plagiarism
558
4
Planning and drafting the paper
562
7
Forming a tentative thesis
563
1
Sketching a rough outline
564
1
Drafting the paper in your own voice
565
1
Including your thesis in the introduction
566
2
Providing organizational cues
568
1
Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism
569
4
Using a consistent system for citing sources
569
1
Avoiding plagiarism
570
3
Integrating information from sources
573
8
Using signal phrases to introduce quotations; limiting your use of quotations
573
6
Using signal phrases to introduce most summaries and paraphrases
579
2
Omitting a signal phrase, if you wish, with statistics and other facts
581
1
Revising your draft
581
3
MLA documentation
584
28
MLA in-text citations
585
6
MLA information notes
591
2
MLA list of works cited
593
19
MLA format; two sample research papers
612
29
MLA format
612
3
Two sample research papers
615
26
Sample Papers on a Political Issue
616
11
Sample Paper on a Scholarly Controversy
627
14
PART X Literature and Other Disciplines
641
86
Writing about literature
642
33
Reading actively
642
2
Forming an interpretation
644
4
Drafting a thesis and sketching an outline
648
3
Supporting your interpretation; avoiding simple plot summary
651
3
Integrating quotations from the work
654
5
Observing the conventions
659
2
Documenting secondary sources; avoiding plagiarism
661
14
Sample Essay (Without Secondary Sources)
663
4
Sample Essay (With Secondary Sources)
667
8
Documenting sources across the curriculum
675
52
Apa Style (Social Sciences)
675
1
APA in-text citations
676
3
APA list of references
679
8
APA manuscript format
687
13
Sample Paper
689
11
Chicago Style (History and Humanities)
700
1
Chicago-style footnotes or endnotes
700
9
Chicago-style bibliography
709
8
Chicago-style manuscript format
717
7
Sample Pages
720
4
Other Styles
724
1
A list of style manuals
724
3
PART XI Grammar Basics
727
46
Parts of speech
728
17
Nouns
728
2
Pronouns
730
3
Verbs
733
3
Adjectives
736
1
Adverbs
737
2
Prepositions
739
1
Conjunctions
740
1
Interjections
741
4
Sentence patterns
745
10
Subjects
745
3
Verbs, objects, and complements
748
5
Pattern variations
753
2
Subordinate word groups
755
13
Prepositional phrases
756
2
Subordinate clauses
758
5
Verbal phrases
763
4
Appositive phrases
767
1
Absolute phrases
768
1
Sentence types
768
5
Sentence structures
768
3
Sentence purposes
771
2
Glossary of Usage
773
16
Answers to Tutorials and Lettered Exercises
789
Index
1