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Tables of Contents for Reducing Birth Defects
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xiii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
10
1 INTRODUCTION
11
11
Magnitude of the Problem,
12
2
Increase in the Importance of Birth Defects with Decreasing Infant Mortality,
14
1
Reducing Birth Defects in Countries with Low Infant Mortality,
15
2
Social, Economic, and Health Context,
17
1
Study Purpose,
18
1
Study Approach,
19
1
Organization of the Report,
20
1
References,
20
2
2 IMPACT AND PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE
22
46
Genetic Birth Defects,
23
12
Birth Defects of Environmental Origin,
35
16
Birth Defects of Complex and Unknown Origin,
51
3
Conclusion,
54
1
References,
55
13
3 INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF BIRTH DEFECTS
68
54
Basic Reproductive Care,
69
2
Low-Cost Preventive Strategies,
71
9
Provision of Improved Care,
80
12
Screening for Genetic Disorders,
92
18
National Coordination, Surveillance, and Monitoring,
110
2
Conclusion,
112
1
References,
113
9
4 INCORPORATING CARE FOR BIRTH DEFECTS INTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
122
13
Strategies for Addressing Birth Defects,
122
7
National Policy and Leadership,
129
4
Conclusion,
133
1
References,
134
1
APPENDIXES
A PREVALENCE OF BIRTH DEFECTS
135
85
Birth Defects,
136
8
Down Syndrome,
144
6
Thalassemie,
150
4
Sickle Cell Disease,
154
4
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency,
158
6
Oculocutaneous Albinism,
164
4
Cystic Fibrosis,
168
2
Phenylketonuria,
170
4
Neural Tube Defects and Hydrocephalus,
174
10
Congenital Heart Disease,
184
8
Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate,
192
10
Talipes,
202
4
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip,
206
6
References,
212
8
B COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHIES
220
7
GLOSSARY
227
12
ACRONYMS
239
2
INDEX
241