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Tables of Contents for Applied Chemistry
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
Abbreviations Used in This Text
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxv
Energy, an Overview
1
26
Introduction
1
5
Renewable Energy Sources
6
1
Geo-Thermal
6
2
Tidal Power
8
1
Solar Energy
8
3
Photovoltaic Cells
11
3
Photogalvanic Cells
14
3
Wind Energy
17
1
Hydro Power
18
1
Ocean Thermal
18
2
Wave Energy
20
1
Osmotic Power
20
7
Exercises
24
1
Further Reading
25
2
Solid Fuels
27
16
Introduction
27
3
Wood and Charcoal
30
1
Peat
30
1
Coal
31
1
Analysis of Coal
32
1
ASTM Classification
32
2
Ash
34
2
Coal and its Environment
36
2
Fluidized Bed Combustion
38
1
Coke
38
5
Exercises
39
3
Further Reading
42
1
Crude Oil
43
18
Introduction
43
1
Early History
43
1
World Production of Crude Oil
44
5
Crude Oil Processing
49
1
Petroleum Products
50
2
Synthetic Oil
52
9
Exercises
56
3
Further Reading
59
2
Liquid Fuels
61
18
Introduction
61
1
Diesel Engine
61
1
Diesel Fuel
62
3
Ignition Temperature, Flash Point, Fire Point, and Smoke Point
65
2
The Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine
67
1
Gasoline Fuel
68
1
Grading Gasoline
69
10
Exercises
75
2
Further Reading
77
2
Alternate Fuels
79
14
Introduction
79
1
Propane
79
2
Methanol
81
5
Ethanol
86
7
Exercises
89
1
Further Reading
90
3
Gaseous Fuels
93
22
Introduction
93
1
Natural Gas
93
5
Natural Gas Uses
98
1
Natural Gas as a Fuel
99
2
Other Carbon Based Fuel Gases
101
1
Explosion Limits
102
1
Hydrogen
102
2
Methods of Preparation of H2
104
3
Electrolysis
104
1
Thermal Methods
105
1
Natural Gas
106
1
Thermal-Nuclear-Electrical
107
1
Photoelectrolysis
107
1
Transportation and Storage of H2
107
3
Safety
110
1
Helium
111
4
Exercises
111
1
Further Reading
112
3
Nuclear Energy
115
28
Introduction
115
1
Basic Theory of Nuclear Energy
115
5
Nuclear Model and Nuclear Reactions
120
2
Radioactive Decay Rates
122
1
Radioactivity Units
123
2
Nuclear Reactors
125
6
The Hazards of Nuclear Energy
131
3
Nuclear Waste
134
4
Nuclear Fusion
138
2
Summary
140
3
Exercises
140
1
Further Reading
141
2
Lubrication and Lubricants
143
16
An Introduction to Tribology
143
1
Gaseous Lubricants
143
2
Liquid Lubricants
145
5
Journal Bearings
145
2
Thrust Bearings
147
1
Slider Bearings
148
1
Ball Bearings
148
2
Extreme Pressure Lubrication
150
1
Wear
150
1
Oil Additives
151
2
Synthetic Lubricants
153
1
Solid Lubricants
154
2
Greases
156
3
Exercises
157
1
Further Reading
158
1
Electrochemistry, Batteries and Fuel Cells
159
32
Introduction
159
1
Ionics
159
3
Electrolysis and Electrodeposition of Metals
162
2
Electrochemical Machining
164
4
The Cathode
165
1
The Electrolyte
165
3
Electrodics
168
3
Batteries and Cells
171
7
Primary Batteries
171
4
Secondary Batteries
175
3
Fuel Cells
178
2
Hybrid Cells
180
4
Electric Vehicle
184
7
Exercises
188
1
Further Reading
189
2
Corrosion
191
16
Introduction
191
1
Factors Affecting the Rate of Corrosion
192
3
Types of Corrosion
195
5
Uniform Corrosion
195
1
Bimetallic Corrosion
195
1
Crevice Corrosion
196
1
Pitting Corrosion
196
1
Grain Boundary Corrosion
196
2
Layer Corrosion
198
1
Stress Corrosion Cracking
198
1
Cavitation Corrosion
199
1
Hydrogen Embrittlement
200
1
Atmospheric Corrosion
200
1
Corrosion in Soil
201
1
Aqueous Corrosion
202
1
Corrosion Protection and Inhibition
203
1
Corrosion in Boiler Steam and Condensate
204
1
Cathodic Protection
204
3
Exercises
205
1
Further Reading
206
1
Polymers and Plastics
207
30
Introduction
207
1
Molecular Weight
207
3
Copolymers
210
1
Classification of Polymers
210
2
Addition Polymers
211
1
Condensation Polymers
211
1
Vinyl Polymers
212
6
Polyethylene
212
1
Polypropylene
213
1
Polyvinylchloride
214
1
Polyvinylidenechloride
214
1
Polystyrene
215
1
Polyacrylonitrile
215
2
Polymethyl Methacrylate
217
1
Polyvinyl Acetate, Polyvinyl Alcohol
217
1
Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon
217
1
Condensation Polymers
218
2
Nylon
219
1
Polyester
219
1
Polycarbonates and Epoxides
219
1
Thermosetting Polymers
220
3
Phenol Formaldehyde (Bakelite)
220
1
Urea Formaldehyde
221
1
Polyurethane
222
1
Glass Transition Temperature
223
1
Elastomers
224
5
Mechanical Strength of Plastics
229
1
Fire Retardants in Plastics
229
8
Exercises
233
1
Further Reading
234
3
Adhesives and Adhesion
237
18
Introduction
237
1
Classification and Types of Adhesives
238
1
The Adhesive Joint
238
2
The Theory of The Adhesive Bond
240
5
Mechanical Interlocking
241
1
Diffusion Theory
241
3
Electrostatic Theory
244
1
Adsorption Theory
244
1
Chemistry of Selected Adhesives
245
10
Exercises
252
1
Further Reading
253
2
Paint and Coatings
255
14
Introduction
255
1
Constituents of Paint and Coatings
255
1
Binder
255
3
Driers
258
1
Pigment
258
2
Solvents--Thinners
260
1
Water-Based Paints
261
1
Protective Coatings
261
2
Surface Preparations
263
1
Specialized Coatings
263
3
Formaldehyde Resins
263
3
Fire Retardant Paints
266
1
Antifouling Paints
266
3
Exercises
267
1
Further Reading
267
2
Explosives
269
18
Introduction
269
1
Primary Explosives
270
1
Secondary Explosives
271
4
Chemical Stability
273
1
Sensitivity to Ignition
273
1
Sensitivity to Detonation
274
1
Velocity of Detonation
274
1
Explosive Strength
274
1
Oxygen Balance
275
1
Modern Explosives
275
4
Nitroglycerine
276
1
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
276
1
Tetryl
276
1
Ammonium Nitrate
277
1
Hexogen
277
2
Applications
279
3
Propellants
279
1
Pyrotechnics
279
1
Metalworking
279
2
Riveting
281
1
Accidental Explosions
282
5
Exercises
284
1
Further Reading
285
2
Water
287
20
Introduction
287
4
Natural Water
291
3
Turbidity
291
1
Color
291
2
Odor and Taste
293
1
Water Sterilization
294
1
Chlorine
294
1
Ozone
294
1
Infectious Agents
295
2
Water Quality-Hardness
297
2
Water Softening
299
4
Ion-exchange
300
1
Reverse Osmosis
300
1
Electrocoagulation
300
2
Electrodialysis
302
1
Boiler Scale
303
1
Wastewater
304
3
Exercises
305
1
Further Reading
306
1
Cement, Ceramics, and Composites
307
14
Introduction
307
1
Cement Nomenclature
308
1
Manufacture of Portland Cement
308
2
Setting of Cement
310
1
Concrete
310
1
Ceramics
311
3
Composites
314
7
Exercises
317
1
Further Reading
318
3
Appendix A. Fundamental Constants and Units
321
4
Further Reading
323
2
Appendix B. Viscosity
325
10
B.1. Introduction
325
1
B.2. Measurement of Viscosity
326
3
B.2.1. Ostwald Viscometer
327
1
B.2.2. Falling Ball Method
327
2
B.3. Applications of Viscosity
329
1
B.3.1. Molecular Weight of Polymers
329
1
B.4. Drag Reducers
330
2
B.5. Electrorheological Fluids
332
3
Exercises
333
1
Further Reading
333
2
APPENDIX C. SURFACE CHEMISTRY
335
12
C.1. Surface Tension
335
3
C.2. Measurement of Surface Tension
338
4
C.2.1. Capillary Tube Rise Method
338
1
C.2.2. Ring or du Nouy Method
339
1
C.2.3. Bubble Pressure Method
340
1
C.2.4. Drop Weight Method
341
1
C.3. The Spreading Coefficient
342
1
C.4. The Solid-Gas Interface
343
1
C.5. The Solid-Liquid Interface
344
3
Exercises
345
1
Further Reading
346
1
APPENDIX D. PATENTS
347
8
D.1. Introduction
347
1
D.2. Filing Fees
347
4
D.3. Components of a Patent
351
2
D.3.1. Title
351
1
D.3.2. Background of the Invention
351
1
D.3.3. Summary of the Invention
351
1
D.3.4. Brief Description of the Drawings
352
1
D.3.5. Description of the Preferred Embodiment
352
1
D.3.6. Claims
352
1
D.3.7. Abstract
352
1
D.4. The Provisional Patent
353
2
Further Reading
353
2
Index
355
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