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Tables of Contents for Cultural Anthropology/Conformity and Conflict
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology and the Study of Culture
1
24
The Fields of General Anthropology
2
3
Archaeology
2
1
Physical or Biological Anthropology
3
1
Linguistic Anthropology
3
1
Cultural Anthropology
4
1
Applied Anthropology: Separate Field or Cross-Cutting Focus?
4
1
Cultural Anthropology's Distinctive Features
5
7
Ethnography and Ethnology
5
1
Cultures in Motion: Birute Galdikas and the Orangutans of Borneo
6
1
Voices: James Peacock, ``Holism: Impossible but Necessary''
7
1
Cultural Relativism
8
1
Valuing and Sustaining Diversity
9
1
Contemporary Debates
9
2
Critical Thinking: Adolescent Stress: Biologically Determined or Culturally Constructed?
11
1
The Concept of Culture
12
4
Definitions of Culture
12
1
Characteristics of Culture
12
4
Multiple Cultural Worlds
16
5
Class
17
1
Race
17
1
Ethnicity
18
2
Unity and Diversity: Tejano Women and Tamales
20
Gender
18
1
Age
19
1
Institutions
20
1
Anthropology: A Dynamic Discipline for a Changing World
21
1
The Big Questions Revisited
22
1
Key Concepts
23
1
Suggested Readings
23
2
Methods in Cultural Anthropology
25
26
The History of Fieldwork in Cultural Anthropology
26
2
From the Armchair to the Field
26
1
The Origin of Participant Observation
27
1
Beginning the Fieldwork Process
28
2
Project Selection
28
1
Critical Thinking: Shells and Skirts in the Trobriand Islands
29
1
Preparing for the Field
29
1
Working in the Field
30
4
Site Selection
30
1
Gaining Rapport
30
1
Voices: Matthews Hamabata, ``The Art of Gift-Giving in Japan''
31
1
Exchanges and Gift Giving
31
1
Microcultures and Fieldwork
31
3
Culture Shock
34
1
Fieldwork Techniques
34
6
Participant Observation
34
2
Cultures in Motion: Researching a Hakka Community in Cyperspace
36
1
Interviews and Questionnaires
37
1
Combining Watching and Asking
37
1
Other Data-Gathering Techniques
38
2
Recording Culture
40
1
Field Notes
40
1
Tape Recording, Photography, Videos
40
1
Data Analysis
41
2
Analyzing Qualitative Data
41
1
Analyzing Quantitative Data
42
1
Writing about Culture
42
1
Ethics and Responsibility in Cultural Anthropology
43
3
Unity and Diversity: Sex Is a Sensitive Topic
45
1
Danger in the Field
46
1
New Directions: Toward Participatory Fieldwork
47
1
The Big Questions Revisited
48
1
Key Concepts
49
1
Suggested Readings
49
2
PART II ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FOUNDATIONS
Economies and Their Modes of Production
51
28
Cultural Anthropology and Economic Systems
52
2
Modes of Production
52
1
Nature, Modes of Production, and Thought
52
2
Globalization and the World Economy
54
1
Foraging
54
4
Unity and Diversity: The Inuit of Colville Lake
55
1
Labor
55
1
Property Relations
56
1
Foraging as a Sustainable System
57
1
Changing Cultural Worlds of Foragers: The Tiwi
57
1
Horticulture
58
3
Labor
59
1
Property Relations
60
1
Horticulture as a Sustainable System
60
1
Changing Cultural Worlds of Horticulturalists: The Mundurucu
60
1
Pastoralism
61
3
Labor
61
1
Property Relations
62
1
Pastoralism as a Suitable System
62
1
Changing Cultural Worlds of Pastoralists: Mongolian Nomads
63
1
Agriculture
64
7
Family Farming
64
1
Voices: Helen Sekaquaptewa, ``Corn Is the Staff of Life''
65
2
Plantation Agriculture
67
2
Cultures in Motion: Haitian Cane-Cutters in the Dominican Republic
69
Industrial Agriculture
68
3
The Sustainability of Agriculture
71
1
Critical Thinking: Was the Invention of Agriculture a Terrible Mistake?
72
Industrial and Post-Industrial Economies
71
4
The Formal Sector
72
1
The Informal Sector
73
1
Changing Cultural Worlds of Industrial Workers: Barberton
74
1
The Big Questions Revisited
75
2
Key Concepts
77
1
Suggested Readings
77
2
Consumption and Exchange
79
28
Culture and Consumption
81
3
What Is Consumption?
81
1
Modes of Consumption
82
1
Consumption Funds
83
1
Consumption Inequalities
84
2
Critical Thinking: Assessing One's Own Entitlement Bundle
84
1
Entitlements at Three Levels
85
1
Famine as Entitlement Failure
85
1
Consumption Microcultures
86
3
Voices: Harriet Nalubwame, ``Micro-Finance Loans Changed My Life''
87
1
Class
87
1
Gender
87
1
Race
88
1
Age
88
1
Culture and Household Budgeting
89
1
Patterns of Budgetary Decision Making
89
1
Forbidden Consumption: Food Taboos
90
1
Cultural Materialism and Food Taboos
90
1
Food Taboos as Systems of Meaning
90
1
Culture and Exchange
91
7
What Is Exchanged?
91
1
Unity and Diversity: The Rules of Hospitality in Oman
92
2
Modes of Exchange
94
4
Theories of Exchange
98
1
Exchange and Risk Aversion
98
1
Exchange and Social Inequality
98
1
Changing Patterns of Consumption and Exchange
99
5
The Lure of Western Goods
99
2
Cultures in Motion: The White Bread Takeover in Ecuador
101
Cash Cropping and Declining Nutrition: You Can't Eat Sisal
100
1
Privatization's Effects: The New Rich and the New Poor of Russia and Eastern Europe
100
2
Buying with Credit Cards
102
1
Continuities and Resistance: The Enduring Potlatch
103
1
The Big Questions Revisited
104
1
Key Concepts
105
1
Suggested Readings
105
2
Birth and Death
107
22
Culture and Reproduction
108
4
The Foraging Mode of Reproduction
109
1
The Agricultural Mode of Reproduction
110
1
The Industrial Mode of Reproduction
110
2
Voices: Fatma, ``With Us, Women Sometimes Have Eight to Ten Children''
112
1
Sexual Intercourse and Fertility
112
7
Sexual Intercourse
112
2
The Politics of Fertility
114
2
Critical Thinking: Family Planning Programs in Bangladesh
116
1
Techniques of Fertility Control
117
3
Cultures in Motion: Amniocentesis and the Poor of New York City
120
Culture and Death
119
7
Infanticide
120
3
Unity and Diversity: Female Infanticide in India
123
Suicide
122
2
Violence
124
2
The Big Questions Revisited
126
1
Key Concepts
127
1
Suggested Readings
127
2
Personality and Human Development
129
22
Culture and Personality
130
2
The Culture and Personality School
130
1
Class Position and Personality
131
2
Unity and Diversity: Corporate Personality Formation among Salarymen in Japan
133
New Directions
132
1
Personality Information During Infancy
132
3
Birth
132
2
Sleeping Patterns
134
1
Gender and Infancy
134
1
Socialization During Childhood
135
4
Mode of Production and Child Personality
135
2
Informal Learning
137
1
Formal Schooling
137
2
Adolescence and Identity
139
5
Is Adolescence a Universal Life-Cycle Stage?
139
1
Coming of Age and Gender Identity
140
1
Voices: Tepilit Ole Saitoti, ``My Initiation as a Maasai Warrior''
141
2
Critical Thinking: Cultural Relativism and ``Female Genital Mutilation''
143
Sexual Identity
142
2
Cultures in Motion: Culture Contact and the Native American Berdache
144
1
How Does Personality Change in Adulthod?
144
4
Becoming a Parent
145
1
Middle Age
146
1
The Senior Years
147
1
The Final Passage: Death and Dying
147
1
The Big Questions Revisited
148
1
Key Concepts
149
1
Suggested Readings
149
2
Illness and Healing
151
24
Nature, Culture, and the Distribution of Illness
152
2
The New Infectious Diseases
152
1
Colonialism and Disease
153
1
Diseases of Development
154
1
Ethnomedicine
154
8
Perceptions of the Body
154
1
Culture-Bound Syndromes
155
3
Unity and Diversity: Breast Cancer and ``Bad Blood'' in Rural North Carolina
158
Preventive Practices
157
1
Diagnosis
158
1
Ways of Healing
159
3
The Ideationist Approach
162
2
Critical Thinking: Why Do People Eat Dirt?
163
1
Voices: An Ayurvedic Doctor and His Client
164
1
Critical Medical Anthropology
164
3
The Role of Poverty
165
1
Western Medical Training Examined
166
1
Clinical Medical Anthropology
167
1
Globalization and Change
168
4
Plural Medical Systems
169
1
Cultures in Motion: The Death of Mary
170
1
Applied Medical Pluralism
170
2
The Big Questions Revisited
172
1
Key Concepts
173
1
Suggested Readings
173
2
PART III SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Kinship Dynamics
175
26
The Study of Kinship
176
3
Kinship Diagrams, Genealogies, and Terminology
177
1
Getting Beyond Diagrams and Terms
178
1
Descent
179
6
Unilineal Descent
180
2
Unity and Diversity: The Named and the Nameless in a Cantonese Village
182
1
Double Descent
183
1
Bilineal Descent
184
1
Critical Thinking: How Bilineal Is ``American Kinship''?
185
1
Sharing
185
3
Food Sharing
185
1
Adoption and Fostering
186
1
Ritually Established Sharing Bonds
187
1
Marriage
188
10
Toward a Definition
188
2
Selecting a Spouse
190
3
Marriage Gifts
193
1
Weddings
193
1
Voices: Nisa's Third Marriage
194
1
Forms of Marriage
194
3
Cultures in Motion: Business Marriage among Dominicans in the United States
197
Change in Marriage
196
2
The Big Questions Revisited
198
1
Key Concepts
199
1
Suggested Readings
199
2
Domestic Groups
201
20
The Household: Variations on a Theme
202
5
Household Forms
202
1
Household Headship
203
3
Critical Thinking: Is Father-in-the-Household Best?
206
1
Households as Economic Units
207
3
Gender, Labor, and Household Type
207
1
Household Businesses
208
1
Cultures in Motion: Chinese Household Businesses in Calcutta
209
1
Remittances
210
1
Households as Social Units: Intrahousehold Dynamics
210
2
Spouse/Partner Relationships
210
1
Sibling Relationships
211
1
Domestic Violence
211
2
Unity and Diversity: Wife Abuse in Kentucky
213
Household Transformations
212
4
Divorce and Kinship Patterns
212
2
Voices: Esmeralda Santiago, ``When I Was Puerto Rican''
214
1
Widow(er)hood
215
1
Remarriage
216
1
Social Change and Household Life
216
2
The Big Questions Revisited
218
1
Key Concepts
219
1
Suggested Readings
219
2
Social Groups and Social Stratification
221
24
Social Groups
222
10
Friendship
223
1
Unity and Diversity: Male and Female Friendships in Rural Spain
224
2
Clubs and Fraternities
226
1
Countercultural Groups
227
2
Work Groups
229
1
Cooperatives
230
1
Activist Groups
231
1
Social Stratification
232
9
The Concept of Status Groups
232
1
Class: Achieved Status
233
1
Race, Ethnicity, and Caste: Ascribed Status
233
2
Critical Thinking: What's Missing from This Picture?
235
1
Voices: Mark Mathabane, ``Growing Up Under Apartheid''
236
1
Unity and Diversity: The Chinese Takeover of Tibetan Medicine
237
4
Civil Society: Between Groups and Government
241
1
The Big Questions Revisited
242
1
Key Concepts
243
1
Suggested Readings
243
2
Politics and Leadership
245
22
Politics and Culture
246
1
Politics: The Use of Power, Authority, and Influence
246
1
Politics: Cultural Universal?
247
1
Unity and Diversity: Socialization and Women Politicians in Korea
248
Political Organization and Leadership
247
12
Bands
247
2
Tribes
249
3
Chiefdoms
252
2
States
254
1
Cultures in Motion: The Benefits of Citizenship in Kuwait
255
1
Voices: Samir al-Khalil, ``The Face of Saddam Hussein''
256
3
Critical Thinking: How ``Open'' Are Democratic Electoral Politics?
259
1
Change in Political Systems
259
5
Emerging Nations and Fractured States
259
2
Transnational Nations
261
1
Democratization
261
1
Women in Politics: New Directions?
261
1
Globalization and Politics
262
2
The Big Questions Revisited
264
1
Key Concepts
265
1
Suggested Readings
265
2
Social Order and Social Conflict
267
22
Culture, Order, and Conflict
268
1
Systems of Social Control
269
5
Voices: Martin Luther King, Jr., ``Letter from the Birmingham Jail''
270
Social Control in Small-Scale Societies
269
1
Social Control in States
270
2
Social Inequality and the Law
272
1
Change in Legal Systems
273
1
Social Conflict and Violence
274
9
Types of Social Conflict
274
4
Unity and Diversity: Bosnian Refugees' Trauma Testimonies
278
2
Critical Thinking: Yanomami, The ``Fierce People''?
280
3
Maintaining World Order
283
3
Cultures in Motion: Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon---Uncounted and Unwanted
284
2
The Big Questions Revisited
286
1
Key Concepts
287
1
Suggested Readings
287
2
PART IV SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
Communication
289
24
Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
290
2
Connections with the Other Fields
290
1
Fieldwork Challenges
291
1
Human Verbal Language
292
3
Key Characteristics: Productivity and Displacement
292
1
Formal Properties of Language
292
1
Origins and History
293
2
Language, Thought, and Society
295
7
Two Opposing Models
295
2
Multiple Levels of Language
297
1
Cultures in Motion: Cultural Cuing in the Medical Interview
298
2
Discourse, Identity, and Power
300
1
Unity and Diversity: Mother--Infant Talk in Western Samoa and the United States
301
1
Human Paralanguage
302
2
Silence
302
1
Kinesics
302
1
Dress and Looks
303
1
Mass Media
304
1
The Media Process: Studying War Correspondents
304
2
Critical Thinking: A Tale of Two Stories: Assessing Institutional Influence on News Reporting
306
Television Studies
304
1
Language and Social Change
305
5
Voices: Ngugi wa Thiong'o, ``On Decolonising the Mind''
308
2
The Big Questions Revisited
310
1
Key Concepts
311
1
Suggested Readings
311
2
Religion
313
26
What is Religion?
314
2
Magic versus Religion
314
1
Theories of the Origin of Religion
315
1
Varieties of Religious Beliefs
316
3
How Beliefs Are Expressed
316
1
Beliefs about Supernatural Forces and Beings
317
1
Unity and Diversity: Spirit Possession and School Girls in Madagascar
318
1
Beliefs in Action: Ritual Practices
319
4
Voices: Andy Fernando, ``The First Salmon Ceremony''
320
1
Life-Cycle Rituals
320
1
Pilgrimage
321
1
Rituals of Reversal
322
1
Sacrifice
323
1
Critical Thinking: Why Did the Aztecs Practice Human Sacrifice and Cannibalism?
324
Religious Specialists
323
2
Shamans and Priests
323
2
Other Specialists
325
1
World Religions
325
7
Hinduism
325
2
Buddhism
327
1
Judaism
328
1
Christianity
329
2
Islam
331
1
African Religions
332
1
Features of African Religions
332
1
Ras Tafari
332
1
Directions of Change
333
3
Revitalization Movements
333
2
Contested Sacred Sites
335
Cultures in Motion: Aboriginal Beliefs versus Mining at Guratba
334
1
Religious Freedom as a Human Right
335
1
The Big Questions Revisited
336
1
Key Concepts
337
1
Suggested Readings
337
2
Expressive Culture
339
22
Art and Culture
340
11
What Is Art?
340
1
Critical Thinking: Probing the Categories of Art
341
1
Studying Art in Society
342
3
Unity and Diversity: Invisible Hands Crafting Israeli Souvenirs
345
Performance Arts
344
3
Architecture and Decorative Arts
347
3
Museums, Art, and Culture
350
1
Play, Leisure, and Culture
351
4
Games and Sports as Cultural Microcosm
352
1
Leisure Travel
353
1
Voices: Fatima Mernissi, ``Childhood Tales of the Hammam''
354
1
Change in Expressive Culture
355
3
Colonialism and Syncretism
355
1
Tourism and Revitalization
356
1
Cultures in Motion, The Hula Renaissance
356
1
Post-Communist Transitions
356
2
The Big Questions Revisited
358
1
Key Concepts
359
1
Suggested Readings
359
2
PART V CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL CHANGE
Development Anthropology
361
26
Anthropology and the Study of Change
362
3
Invention
362
1
Critical Thinking: Social Effects of the Green Revolution
363
1
Diffusion
363
1
Cultures in Motion: Snowmobiles and Sami Reindeer Herding
364
1
Approaches to Development
365
10
Theories of Cultural Change
365
3
Institutional Approaches to Development
368
3
The Development Project
371
3
Methods in Development Anthropology
374
1
Issues and Development
375
10
Indigenous People's Development
375
2
Voices: Tulto, ``They Told Us That Indian Ways Were Bad''
377
3
Women and Development
380
2
Human Rights and Development
382
1
Unity and Diversity: Human Rights versus Animal Rights: The Case of the Gray Whale
383
2
The Big Questions Revisited
385
1
Key Concepts
386
1
Suggested Readings
386
1
Glossary
387
10
References
397
36
Index
433
6
Preface
x
World Map and Geographical Placement of Readings
xii
ONE Culture and Ethnography
1
57
Ethnography and Culture
7
8
James P. Spradley
Eating Christmas in the Kalahari
15
8
Richard Borshay Lee
Shakespeare in the Bush
23
10
Laura Bohannan
Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS
33
13
Claire E. Sterk
Lessons from the Field
46
12
George Gmelch
TWO Language and Communication
58
46
Homo grammaticus
63
7
Martin A. Nowak
Body Art as Visual Language
70
8
Enid Schildkrout
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Worlds Shaped by Words
78
13
David S. Thomson
The Military Name Game
91
4
Sarah Boxer
Conversation Style: Talking on the Job
95
9
Deborah Tannen
THREE Ecology and Subsistence
104
54
The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari
109
15
Richard Borshay Lee
Adaptive Failure: Easter's End
124
10
Jared Diamond
Cultivating the Tropical Forest
134
10
Richard K. Reed
Domestication and the Evolution of Disease
144
14
Jared Diamond
FOUR Economy and Globalization
158
54
Reciprocity and the Power of Giving
163
7
Lee Cronk
Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia
170
11
Jack Weatherford
Workaday World---Crack Economy
181
10
Philippe Bourgois
Illegal Logging and Frontier Conservation
191
10
Nathan Williamson
How Sushi Went Global
201
11
Theodore C. Bestor
FIVE Kinship and Family
212
36
Mother's Love: Death without Weeping
217
10
Nancy Scheper-Hughes
Family and Kinship in Village India
227
8
David W. McCurdy
Matrilineal Kinship: Walking Marriage in China
235
6
Lu Yuan
Sam Mitchell
Uterine Families and the Women's Community
241
7
Margery Wolf
SIX Identity, Roles, and Groups
248
52
Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil
253
8
Elizabeth W. Fernea
Robert A. Fernea
Society and Sex Roles
261
9
Ernestine Friedl
Mixed Blood
270
11
Jeffrey M. Fish
Blood on the Steppes: Ethnicity, Power, and Conflict
281
9
Jack Weatherford
New Americans: The Road to Refugee Resettlement
290
10
Dianna Shandy
SEVEN Law and Politics
300
36
Law and Order
305
13
James P. Spradley
David W. McCurdy
Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender
318
9
Anne Sutherland
Life without Chiefs
327
9
Marvin Harris
EIGHT Religion, Magic, and Worldview
336
46
Taraka's Ghost
341
7
Stanley A. Freed
Ruth S. Freed
Baseball Magic
348
10
George Gmelch
Witchcraft Tswana Style
358
13
Charlanne Burke
Cargo Beliefs and Religious Experience
371
11
Stephen C. Leavitt
NINE Culture Change and Applied Anthropology
382
57
The Kayapo Resistance
387
18
Terence Turner
Medical Anthropology: Improving Nutrition in Malawi
405
10
Sonia Patten
Using Anthropology
415
13
David W. McCurdy
Career Advice for Anthropology Undergraduates
428
11
John T. Omohundro
Glossary
439
5
Index
444