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Tables of Contents for Multicultural Issues in the Criminal Justice System
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
The Impact of Culture on the Criminal Justice System
1
24
Learning Objectives
1
1
Understanding Peoplehood
2
6
Race, Ethnicity, and Culture
3
3
Relationships among Groups
6
1
Peoplehood in America: The Challenges for Government
6
2
Cultural History and Patterns of Change
8
9
Cause and Effect: A Historic Context
8
1
The Rediscovery of America: Settlement by Europeans
9
1
The ``Great Waves'' of Immigration
10
1
The First Great Wave
10
1
The Second Great Wave
11
1
The Third Great Wave
12
1
Key Issues: Angloconformity, Cultural Pluralism, and Peoplehood
13
2
After the Three Great Waves: The Demographics of America
15
2
The Impact of Equity and Equality Laws on the Criminal Justice System
17
6
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
17
1
Affirmative Action
18
2
Sexual Harassment
20
1
The Hate Crimes Statistics Act
21
1
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
22
1
The Violence Against Women Act of 1994
22
1
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
22
1
The Americans with Disability Act of 1990
22
1
Summary
23
1
Discussion Questions
24
1
African Americans and the Criminal Justice System
25
22
Learning Objectives
25
2
Numbers
26
1
Historical Perspective
27
7
The Slave and Colonialized Era
27
2
Reconstruction after the Civil War
29
1
The Civil Rights Era
30
3
The Present Day
33
1
Ties That Bind
34
2
Religion
34
1
Family
35
1
Economic Factors
36
1
Relationship to the Criminal Justice System
36
10
Worldview
38
2
African American Gangs
40
1
Race and Crime
41
2
Sentencing Factors
43
1
A Sense of Trust
43
1
Building Relationships
44
2
Summary
46
1
Discussion Questions
46
1
Hispanic Americans and the Criminal Justice System
47
22
Learning Objectives
47
3
Hispanic Diversity
48
1
Numbers
49
1
The Ties That Bind
50
2
Language
50
1
La Familia
51
1
Religion
52
1
Mexican Americans
52
3
Three Periods
53
1
Social Policy
54
1
Puerto Rican Americans
55
2
The Pre-Spanish Period
55
1
Spanish Colonialization
56
1
U.S. Territory
56
1
Cuban Americans
57
3
Colonialization
58
1
U.S. Involvement
58
1
Communism
59
1
Relationship to the Criminal Justice System
60
6
The System and Hispanics
61
2
Hispanic Gangs
63
1
Drug Use
64
1
A Sense of Trust
65
1
Building Relationships between Hispanic Americans and the System
66
2
Summary
68
1
Discussion Questions
68
1
American Indians and the Criminal Justice System
69
24
Learning Objectives
69
1
The Historical Perspective
70
9
The Paleo-Indians
71
2
The Early Years: The Formative Period of America
73
1
Allotment and Assimilation
74
2
The Termination Period
76
1
Self Determination
77
2
Numbers
79
3
Labels
81
1
Worldview and Relationship to the Criminal Justice System
82
3
Trust
83
1
Family Structure
83
1
Religion
84
1
Specific Issues Related to Crime, Law Enforcement, and Courts
85
6
Locus of Control and Responsibility
85
1
Crime Rates
86
1
Law Enforcement and Tribal Courts
87
3
Incarceration Rates
90
1
Rebuilding Relationships
91
1
Summary
92
1
Discussion Questions
92
1
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans and the Criminal Justice System
93
31
Learning Objectives
93
5
Labels
94
1
Numbers
95
1
Language Issues
96
2
The Historical Perspective
98
1
Far East Asian Americans
99
14
Filipinos
100
1
Chinese
101
4
Koreans
105
2
Japanese
107
4
Asian Indians
111
2
Immigration Patterns
113
1
Southeast Asian Americans
113
3
Waves of Immigration
114
2
Pacific Islander Americans
116
1
Locus of Control and Responsibility
117
1
The Impact on the Criminal Justice System
117
5
Asian Gangs
119
2
Building Relationships
121
1
Summary
122
1
Discussion Questions
123
1
Middle Eastern Americans and the Criminal Justice System
124
17
Learning Objectives
124
2
Labels
125
1
Arab Americans
126
3
Islam and Its Relationship to Arab Ideology
126
1
Waves of Immigration
127
2
Jewish Americans
129
3
Religion
130
1
Diaspora and Peoplehood
130
2
The Jewish State of Israel
132
1
Worldview of Middle Eastern Americans
132
1
The Impact of Hate Crimes on Selected Groups
133
5
The Stereotyping of Arab Americans
135
2
Anti-Semitic Acts of Violence and Agency Responses
137
1
Building Relationships with the Criminal Justice System
138
2
Training Criminal Justice Personnel
138
1
A Sense of Trust
139
1
Summary
140
1
Discussion Questions
140
1
The Criminal Justice System: Effective Cultural Contacts
141
11
Learning Objectives
141
3
Preparing for Effective Cultural Contact
144
7
California POST Cultural Diversity Training
148
2
Tools for Tolerance for Law Enforcement
150
1
Applications of LD 42
150
1
Summary
151
1
Discussion Questions
151
1
Measuring Crime
152
9
Learning Objectives
152
1
Official Reports
152
5
Uniform Crime Reports
153
2
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
155
1
National Crime Victimization Surveys
155
1
The National Assessment Program
156
1
Other Reports
157
2
Sources of Data on Violence
157
1
Other Types of Crime Research
158
1
Summary
159
1
Discussion Questions
160
1
Endnotes
160
1
Law Enforcement
161
10
Learning Objectives
161
1
Administrative Services
162
1
Introduction to Administrative Services
162
1
The Division of Line Functions and Staff Functions
162
1
Patrol
162
4
Community Policing
164
2
Investigative Services
166
4
The Scientific Background of Investigations
167
1
Identification by Fingerprints
167
1
DNA Evidence
167
1
The Functions of Police in Criminal Investigations
168
1
The Preliminary Investigation
168
1
The Follow-Up Investigation
168
1
Ending a Case
169
1
Summary
170
1
Discussion Questions
170
1
The Court System
171
12
Learning Objectives
171
1
The Court Structure
172
3
Introduction
172
1
The State System
172
1
Trial Courts
172
1
Courts of Appeals
173
1
Supreme Courts
174
1
The Federal Courts
174
1
The Parties
175
2
The Victim
175
1
The Perpetrator
175
1
Law Enforcement
175
1
The Prosecutor
175
1
The Defense Attorney
176
1
The Judge
176
1
The Jury
177
1
The Pretrial and Trial Process
177
3
The Decision to Prosecute
177
1
Bail
178
1
Pretrial Hearings
178
2
The Trial
180
2
Jury Selection
180
1
Opening Statements
181
1
Case in Chief
181
1
Closing Argument
181
1
The Verdict
181
1
Summary
182
1
Discussion Questions
182
1
Endnotes
182
1
The Correctional Process
183
8
Learning Objectives
183
1
Sentencing Procedures
184
1
Isolation as Punishment
184
1
Other Possible Penalties
185
1
Deterrence
185
1
Probation
185
2
Conditions of Probation
186
1
Revocation of Probation
186
1
Criticism of Probation
187
1
Parole
187
2
The Purpose of Parole
187
1
The Parole Board
188
1
Revocation of Parole
188
1
Parole versus Probation
189
1
The Fine
189
1
Summary
190
1
Discussion Questions
190
1
The Second Victimization
191
15
Learning Objectives
191
1
Worst-Case Scenario
192
4
The Focus of the Criminal Justice System
196
1
Victim Blaming
197
8
Social Psychological Theories
198
1
The Cognitive Dissonance Theory
198
1
Attribution Theory
199
1
Types of Shared Responsibility
200
3
The Assumptions of Victim Blaming
203
1
Types of Victim Blamers
203
1
Lack of Personal Control
203
1
Internal Causation
204
1
The Self-Serving Attitudes of Offenders
205
1
Summary
205
1
Discussion Questions
205
1
A Description of Victim Services
206
21
Learning Objectives
206
1
Rape Counseling Centers (Sexual Assault Units)
207
4
Rape (Sexual Assault) Myths
207
1
Current Services
208
1
Rape Trauma Syndrome Theory
209
1
Rape in America: A Report to the Nation
210
1
Domestic Violence Programs (Battered Women's Shelters)
211
8
Domestic Violence Myths
211
2
Current Services
213
2
Crisis Theory
215
1
The General Stress Theory
216
1
The Cycle of Violence
217
1
Strategic Coping Factors
218
1
Surveys
219
1
Victim/Witness Programs
219
5
Program Myths
219
1
Current Services
220
2
Ecological Theory
222
1
Surveys
223
1
Rural Survey (1998)
224
1
Other Victim Services
224
1
The General Victim Services Formula for Recovery
225
1
Summary
225
1
Discussion Questions
226
1
Diversity Issues in Victim Services
227
14
Learning Objectives
227
1
Definitions and Descriptions
228
1
The Impact of Crime on Minority Groups
229
2
Theoretical Explanations of Prejudice and Discrimination
231
3
Dealing with Advocate Bias: Gaining Cultural Competence
234
4
Aronson's Solution
234
1
Personal Awareness
235
1
Cultural Definitions
235
1
Philosophical Schemes
236
1
Cultural Competence
236
1
Cultural Competence Study
237
1
Delivering Diversity Services
238
2
General Recommendations
238
1
Practical Guidelines
239
1
Summary
240
1
Discussion Questions
240
1
References
241
8
Index
249