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Tables of Contents for Physiology of Behavior
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
Introduction
1
18
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach
2
4
Blindsight
3
1
Split Brains
4
1
Interim Summary
5
1
The Nature of Physiological Psychology
6
7
The Goals of Research
7
1
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology
7
3
Functionalism: Natural Selection and Evolution
10
3
Interim Summary
13
1
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals
13
2
Careers in Neuroscience
15
1
Interim Summary
16
1
Strategies for Learning
16
2
Suggested Readings
18
1
Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
19
37
Cells of the Nervous System
21
11
Neurons
21
5
Neural Communication: An Overview
26
2
Supporting Cells
28
3
The Blood-Brain Barrier
31
1
Interim Summary
32
1
Communication within a Neuron
32
10
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons
32
2
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
34
3
The Action Potential
37
2
Conduction of the Action Potential
39
2
Interim Summary
41
1
Communication Between Neurons
42
13
The Concept of Chemical Transmission
42
1
Structure of Synapses
43
1
Release of Transmitter Substance
44
3
Activation of Receptors
47
1
Postsynaptic Potentials
48
2
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
50
1
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
50
1
Autoreceptors
51
1
Other Types of Synapses
52
1
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
53
1
Interim Summary
54
1
Suggested Readings
55
1
Structure of the Nervous System
56
30
Basic Features of the Nervous System
57
8
An Overview
59
1
Blood Supply
60
1
Meninges
60
2
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
62
2
Interim Summary
64
1
The Central Nervous System
65
15
Development of the Central Nervous System
65
2
The Forebrain
67
9
The Mesencephalon
76
1
The Hindbrain
77
1
The Spinal Cord
78
1
Interim Summary
79
1
The Peripheral Nervous System
80
5
Spinal Nerves
80
1
Cranial Nerves
81
1
The Autonomic Nervous System
82
3
Interim Summary
85
1
Suggested Readings
85
1
Psychopharmacology
86
33
Principles of Psychopharmacology
88
6
Pharmacokinetics
88
3
Drug Effectiveness
91
1
Effects of Repeated Administration
92
1
Placebo Effects
93
1
Interim Summary
94
1
Sites of Drug Action
94
5
Effects on Production of Transmitter Substances
95
1
Effects on Storage and Release of Transmitter Substances
95
1
Effects on Receptors
95
3
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Transmitter Substance
98
1
Interim Summary
98
1
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
99
19
Acetylcholine
99
3
The Monoamines
102
9
Amino Acids
111
4
Peptides
115
1
Lipids
116
1
Nucleosides
117
1
Soluble Gases
117
1
Interim Summary
118
1
Suggested Readings
118
1
Methods and Strategies of Research
119
29
Experimental Ablation
120
14
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
120
1
Producing Brain Lesions
121
2
Stereotaxic Surgery
123
2
Histological Methods
125
2
Tracing Neural Connections
127
3
Study of the Living Human Brain
130
2
Interim Summary
132
2
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
134
8
Recording of Neural Activity
134
2
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
136
2
Measuring the Brain's Secretions
138
1
Stimulating Neural Activity
139
1
Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation
140
1
Interim Summary
141
1
Neurochemical Methods
142
5
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
142
2
Localizing Particular Receptors
144
2
Interim Summary
146
1
Suggested Readings
147
1
Vision
148
37
The Stimulus
150
1
Anatomy of the Visual System
150
7
The Eyes
151
2
Photoreceptors
153
2
Connections Between Eye and Brain
155
2
Interim Summary
157
1
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina
157
7
Coding of Light and Dark
157
2
Coding of Color
159
4
Interim Summary
163
1
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex
164
8
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex
164
1
Orientation and Movement
164
1
Spatial Frequency
165
2
Texture
167
1
Retinal Disparity
168
1
Color
168
1
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex
169
2
Blindsight
171
1
Interim Summary
171
1
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex
172
12
Two Streams of Visual Analysis
172
1
Perception of Color
173
1
Analysis of Form
174
5
Perception of Movement
179
2
Perception of Location
181
2
Interim Summary
183
1
Suggested Readings
184
1
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
185
39
Audition
186
17
The Stimulus
186
1
Anatomy of the Ear
187
2
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
189
3
The Auditory Pathway
192
4
Detection of Pitch
196
2
Detection of Loudness
198
1
Detection of Timbre
198
1
Feature Detection in the Auditory System
198
3
Behavioral Functions of the Auditory System
201
1
Interim Summary
202
1
Vestibular System
203
2
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
203
1
The Receptor Cells
204
1
The Vestibular Pathway
205
1
Interim Summary
205
1
Somatosenses
205
8
The Stimuli
206
1
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
206
1
Detection of Cutaneous Stimulation
207
2
The Somatosensory Pathways
209
1
Perception of Pain
210
2
Interim Summary
212
1
Gustation
213
6
The Stimuli
213
1
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
214
1
Detection of Gustatory Information
214
3
The Gustatory Pathway
217
1
Neural Coding of Taste
218
1
Interim Summary
218
1
Olfaction
219
4
The Stimulus
219
1
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
219
2
Transduction of Olfactory Information
221
1
Detection of Specific Odors
221
1
Interim Summary
222
1
Suggested Readings
223
1
Control of Movement
224
28
Muscles
225
5
Skeletal Muscle
225
3
Smooth Muscle
228
1
Cardiac Muscle
229
1
Interim Summary
229
1
Reflex Control of Movement
230
4
The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
231
The Gamma Motor System
230
2
Polysynaptic Reflexes
232
1
Interim Summary
233
1
Control of Movement by the Brain
234
17
Organization of Motor Cortex
234
2
Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways
236
4
Deficits of Verbally Controlled Movements: The Apraxias
240
2
The Basal Ganglia
242
5
The Cerebellum
247
3
The Reticular Formation
250
1
Interim Summary
250
1
Suggested Readings
251
1
Sleep and Biological Rhythms
252
37
A Physiological and Behavioral Description
253
5
Stages of Sleep
253
4
Mental Activity During Sleep
257
1
Interim Summary
258
1
Why Do We Sleep?
258
8
Sleep as an Adaptive Response
258
1
Sleep as a Restorative Process
259
3
Sleep and Thermoregulation
262
1
The Functions of REM Sleep
263
2
Interim Summary
265
1
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
266
11
Chemical Control of Sleep
266
1
Neural Control of Arousal
267
3
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep
270
1
Neural Control of REM Sleep
271
6
Interim Summary
277
1
Disorders of Sleep
277
3
Insomnia
277
1
Problems Associated with REM Sleep
278
2
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
280
1
Interim Summary
280
1
Biological Clocks
280
8
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
281
1
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
282
4
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
286
1
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet-Lag
287
1
Interim Summary
287
1
Suggested Readings
288
1
Reproductive Behavior
289
35
Sexual Development
290
7
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
290
1
Development of the Sex Organs
291
3
Sexual Maturation
294
2
Interim Summary
296
1
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
297
14
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
297
1
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
298
2
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
300
1
Effects of Pheromones
301
3
Human Sexual Behavior
304
2
Sexual Orientation
306
4
Interim Summary
310
1
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
311
6
Males
311
4
Females
315
1
Interim Summary
316
1
Parental Behavior
317
6
Maternal Behavior of Rodents
318
1
Stimuli That Elicit and Maintain Maternal Behavior
319
1
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
320
1
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
321
1
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
321
1
Interim Summary
322
1
Suggested Readings
323
1
Emotion
324
31
Emotions as Response Patterns
325
10
Neural Control of Emotional Response Patterns: Role of the Amygdala
326
5
Social Judgments and Emotions: Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
331
3
Interim Summary
334
1
Expression and Recognition of Emotions
335
7
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
335
2
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
337
2
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
339
2
Interim Summary
341
1
Feelings of Emotions
342
3
The James-Lange Theory
342
1
Feedback from Simulated Emotions
343
1
Interim Summary
344
1
Aggressive Behavior
345
9
Neural Control of Aggressive Behavior
345
3
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior
348
5
Interim Summary
353
1
Suggested Readings
354
1
Ingestive Behavior: Drinking
355
21
The Nature of Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
356
1
Some Facts about Fluid Balance
357
4
The Fluid Compartments of the Body
357
2
The Kidneys
359
2
Interim Summary
361
1
Drinking and Salt Appetite
361
6
Osmometric Thirst
361
3
Volumetric Thirst
364
2
Food-Related Drinking
366
1
Salt Appetite
366
1
Interim Summary
367
1
Brain Mechanisms of Thirst and Salt Appetite
367
5
Neural Control of Thirst
367
4
Neural Control of Salt Appetite
371
1
Interim Summary
372
1
Mechanisms of Satiety
372
3
Drinking
372
2
Salt Appetite
374
1
Interim Summary
374
1
Suggested Readings
375
1
Ingestive Behavior: Eating
376
33
Some Facts about Metabolism
377
4
Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs
377
2
Is Body Weight Regulated?
379
2
Interim Summary
381
1
What Starts a Meal?
381
7
Social and Environmental Factors
381
1
Dietary Selection: Responding to the Consequences
382
2
Physiological Hunger Signals
384
3
Interim Summary
387
1
What Stops a Meal?
388
5
Head Factors
388
1
Gastric Factors
388
1
Intestinal Factors
389
1
Liver Factors
390
1
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
391
2
Interim Summary
393
1
Brain Mechanisms
393
8
Brain Stem
393
1
Hypothalamus
394
6
Interim Summary
400
1
Eating Disorders
401
7
Obesity
401
4
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa
405
3
Interim Summary
408
1
Suggested Readings
408
1
Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms
409
42
The Nature of Learning
410
4
Interim Summary
414
1
Learning and Synaptic Plasticity
414
13
Effects of Learning on Neural Structure and Functions
414
1
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
415
3
Role of NMDA Receptors
418
3
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
421
4
Long-Term Depression
425
1
Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation
426
1
Role of Long-Term Potentiation in Learning
426
1
Interim Summary
426
1
Perceptual Learning
427
8
Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli
427
2
Visual Short-Term Memory
429
3
Auditory Learning: Role of Acetylcholine
432
2
Interim Summary
434
1
Classical Conditioning
435
2
Interim Summary
436
1
Instrumental Conditioning and Motor Learning
437
13
Basal Ganglia
437
3
Premotor Cortex
440
1
Reinforcement
441
8
Interim Summary
449
1
Suggested Readings
450
1
Relational Learning and Amnesia
451
26
Human Anterograde Amnesia
452
13
Basic Description
454
1
Spared Learning Abilities
455
1
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
456
3
Anterograde Amnesia: Failure of Relational Learning
459
1
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia
460
4
The Role of Hippocampal Damage in Retrograde Amnesia
464
1
Interim Summary
464
1
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
465
11
Working Memory: Remembering Places Visited
465
1
Spatial Perception and Learning
466
1
Place Cells in the Hippocampal Formation
467
3
Role of Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Functioning
470
1
Modulation of Hippocampal Functions by Monoaminergic and Acetylcholinergic Inputs
471
1
Theoretical Explanations of Hippocampal Functioning
472
3
Interim Summary
475
1
Suggested Readings
476
1
Human Communication
477
32
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
478
18
Lateralization
479
1
Speech Production
479
5
Speech Comprehension
484
9
Aphasia in Deaf People
493
1
Lipreading
493
1
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech
494
1
Interim Summary
495
1
Disorders of Reading and Writing
496
12
Relation to Aphasia
496
1
Pure Alexia
496
3
Toward an Understanding of Reading
499
4
Toward an Understanding of Writing
503
1
Developmental Dyslexias
504
3
Interim Summary
507
1
Suggested Readings
508
1
Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders
509
28
Schizophrenia
510
15
Description
510
1
Heritability
511
1
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis
512
5
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder
517
8
Interim Summary
525
1
Major Affective Disorders
525
11
Description
526
1
Heritability
526
1
Physiological Treatments
527
2
Role of Monoamines
529
3
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities
532
1
Role of Circadian Rhythms
532
3
Interim Summary
535
1
Suggested Readings
536
1
Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, and Stress Disorders
537
24
Anxiety Disorders
538
6
Panic Disorder
538
2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
540
4
Interim Summary
544
1
Autistic Disorder
544
5
Description
544
2
Possible Causes
546
2
Interim Summary
548
1
Stress Disorders
549
11
Physiology of the Stress Response
549
1
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
550
2
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
552
2
Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
554
1
The Coping Response
554
1
Psychoneuroimmunology
555
4
Interim Summary
559
1
Suggested Readings
560
1
Drug Abuse
561
30
What Is Addiction?
562
3
A Little Background
562
1
Physical versus Psychological Addiction
563
1
Modern Definitions of Drug Dependence
564
1
Interim Summary
565
1
Common Features of Addiction
565
6
Positive Reinforcement
565
2
Negative Reinforcement
567
1
Tolerance and Withdrawal
568
2
Craving and Relapse
570
1
Interim Summary
571
1
Commonly Abused Drugs
571
13
Opiates
572
3
Cocaine and Amphetamine
575
3
Nicotine
578
1
Alcohol and Barbiturates
579
3
Cannabis
582
1
Interim Summary
583
1
Heredity and Drug Abuse
584
3
Heritability Studies of Humans
584
2
Animal Models of Drug Abuse
586
1
Interim Summary
587
1
Therapy for Drug Abuse
587
3
Interim Summary
589
1
Suggested Readings
590
1
Glossary
591
24
References
615
60
Name Index
675
12
Subject Index
687