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Tables of Contents for Speech Science
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Introduction
1
6
Overview of Chapters
3
4
The Nature of Sound
7
42
Air Pressure
8
22
Measurement of Air Pressure
8
2
Movement of Air
10
1
Air Pressure, Volume, and Density
11
1
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure
12
2
Elasticity and Inertia
14
1
Wave Motion of Sound
15
2
Characteristics of Sound Waves
17
1
Frequency and Period
17
3
Velocity and Wavelength
20
1
Sound Absorption and Reflection
21
1
Constructive and Destructive Interference
22
2
Pure Tones and Complex Waves
24
2
Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves
26
1
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra
26
4
Attributes of Sounds
30
10
Frequency and Pitch
32
2
Human Range of Hearing
34
1
Amplitude and Intensity
34
1
Amplitude
34
1
Intensity
34
2
Decibel Scale
36
3
Advantages of the Decibel Scale
39
1
Auditory Area
39
1
Resonance
40
7
Free and Forced Vibration
40
2
Types of Resonators
42
1
Acoustic Resonators
42
1
Acoustic Resonators as Filters
43
1
Bandwidth
43
2
Cutoff Frequencies
45
1
Resonance Curves
45
1
Parameters of a Filter
46
1
Types of Filters
47
1
Summary
47
1
Review Exercises
48
1
Clinical Application of Frequency and Intensity Variables
49
17
Vocal Frequency and Amplitude
50
10
Frequency Variables
51
1
Average Fundamental Frequency
51
3
Frequency Variability
54
2
Maximum Phonational Frequency Range
56
1
Amplitude and Intensity Variables
56
1
Average Amplitude Level
56
1
Amplitude Variability
57
1
Dynamic Range
58
1
Voice Range Profile
58
2
Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude
60
4
Voice Disorders
60
3
Neurological Disorders
63
1
Summary
64
1
Review Exercises
65
1
The Respiratory System
66
33
The Stucture and Mechanics of the Respiratory System
67
31
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
67
1
Bronchial Tree
67
5
Muscles of Respiration
72
3
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
75
1
Muscles of the Abdomen
75
1
Pleural Linkage
76
1
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs
77
1
Inhalation
78
1
Exhalation
78
1
Rate of Breathing
78
1
Lung Volumes and Capacities
79
1
Resting Expiratory Level
80
1
Lung Volumes
81
1
Tidal Volume
81
1
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
82
1
Expiratory Reserve Volume
83
1
Residual Volume
83
1
Dead Air
84
1
Lung Capacities
84
1
Vital Capacity
84
1
Functional Residual Capacity
84
1
Total Lung Capacity
84
1
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities
85
1
Differences Between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech
85
2
Location of Air Intake
87
1
Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation
87
1
Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle
88
1
Muscle Activity for Exhalation
88
3
Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration
91
1
Air Pressures
91
2
Airflow
93
1
Lung Volume and Chest Wall Shape
94
1
Breathing Patterns for Speech
95
1
Changes in Speech Breathing over the Life-span
96
2
Summary
98
1
Review Exercises
98
1
Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production
99
12
Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing
101
8
Parkinson's Disease
101
1
Cerebellar Disease
102
1
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
103
1
Cerebral Palsy
104
2
Mechanical Ventilation
106
1
Voice Disorders
107
1
Hearing Impairment
108
1
Summary
109
1
Review Exercises
109
2
The Phonatory System
111
41
The Vocal Mechanism
112
23
Laryngeal Skeleton
112
1
Bones and Cartilages
112
4
Joints of the Larynx
116
2
Valves within the Larynx
118
1
Aryepiglottic Folds
118
1
False Vocal Folds
118
1
Trude Vocal Folds
118
2
Cover-body Model
120
1
Glottis
121
1
Muscles of the Larynx
121
1
Extrinsic Muscles
121
1
Intrinsic Muscles
121
4
Myoelastic--Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
125
2
Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration
127
1
Voice Fundamental Frequency
128
1
Voice Intensity
128
1
Pressures Involved in Phonation
129
1
The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice
129
1
Glottal Spectrum
130
1
Harmonic Spacing
131
1
Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice
131
2
Sources of Jitter and Shimmer
133
1
Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer
133
2
Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality
135
3
Vocal Registers
135
1
Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers
136
1
Pulse
136
1
Falsetto
137
1
Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto
137
1
Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking
138
1
Voice Quality
138
12
Normal Voice Quality
140
2
Abnormal Voice Qualities
142
1
Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice
142
1
Breathy Voice
143
1
Rough or Hoarse Voice
143
1
Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality
144
1
Electroglottography
144
3
EGG and Register
147
2
EGG Slope Quotients
149
1
Summary
150
1
Review Exercises
151
1
Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality
152
10
Jitter and Shimmer Measures
152
8
Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders
153
1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
154
1
Parkinson's Disease
154
1
Endotracheal Intubation
155
1
Laryngeal Cancer
155
1
Functional Voice Problems
156
1
Stuttering
156
1
Measures of Voice Quality
157
1
Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality
157
1
Aging
158
1
EGG and Vocal Disorders
159
1
EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia
159
1
EGG and Parkinson's Disease
160
1
Summary
160
1
Review Exercises
161
1
The Articulatory System
162
63
Articulators of the Vocal Tract
163
20
Oral Cavity
163
1
Lips
164
2
Teeth
166
1
Dental Occlusion
167
1
Hard Palate
168
1
Soft Palate
169
2
Muscles of the Velum
171
2
Velopharyngeal Closure
173
1
Tongue
173
2
Muscles of the Tongue
175
1
Tongue Movements for Speech
176
2
Pharynx
178
1
Muscles of the Pharynx
179
1
Nasal Cavities
179
1
Valves of the Vocal Tract
180
3
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels
183
7
Place of Articulation of English Consonants
183
1
Manner of Articulation of English Consonants
183
1
Stops
183
1
Fricatives
184
2
Affricates
186
1
Nasals
186
1
Glides
186
1
Liquids
187
1
Voicing
187
1
Vowel Classification
188
2
Vocal Tract Resonance
190
29
Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator
191
1
Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave
192
1
Source-filter Theory of Vowel Production
193
2
Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes
195
2
Vowel Formant Frequencies
197
2
F1/F2 Plots
199
1
Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds
200
1
Vowels
200
2
Diphthongs
202
1
Glides
202
3
Liquids
205
1
Stops
206
7
Fricatives
213
1
Affricates
214
3
Nasals
217
2
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context
219
5
Coarticulation
219
2
Suprasegmentals
221
1
Intonation
221
1
Stress
222
1
Duration
223
1
Summary
224
1
Review Exercises
224
1
Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants
225
17
Source-filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production
226
15
Dysarthria
227
1
Vowel Duration Measurements
227
1
Vowel Formant Measurements
228
3
Consonant Measures
231
2
Hearing Impairment
233
1
Segmental Problems
233
1
Suprasegmental Problems
234
1
Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers
235
1
Palatometry and Glossometry
236
1
Phonological Disorders
237
2
Tracheotomy
239
1
Cleft Palate
240
1
Summary
241
1
Review Exercises
241
1
The Auditory System
242
34
Parts of the Ear
243
9
Outer Ear
243
1
Tympanic Membrane
244
1
Middle Ear
245
1
Ossicles
245
1
Muscles
245
1
Auditory Tube
246
1
Functions of the Middle Ear
246
1
Inner Ear
247
2
Cochlea
249
2
Basilar Membrane
251
1
Cochlear Function
251
1
Perception of Speech
252
13
Segmentation Problem
253
1
Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception
254
1
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs
254
1
Vowels
254
3
Diphthongs
257
1
Perception of Consonants
257
1
Categorical Perception
257
2
Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception
259
1
Influence of Coarticulation
259
1
Liquids
260
1
Glides
260
1
Nasals
260
1
Stops
261
1
Fricatives
262
1
Affricates
263
1
The Role of Context in Speech Perception
264
1
Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants
265
10
Immitance Audiometry
265
1
Tympanograms
266
1
Tympanometric Procedure
266
1
Tympanogram Shapes
267
3
Advantages of Tympanometry
270
1
Otoacoustic Emissions
271
1
Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
271
1
Cochlear Implants
272
3
Summary
275
1
Review Exercises
275
1
Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits
276
15
Hearing Loss
277
1
Vowel Perception
278
1
Consonant Perception
279
2
Cochlear Implants
281
1
Otitis Media
282
1
Language and Reading Disability
283
4
Articulatory Problems
287
2
Summary
289
1
Review Exercises
289
2
Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
291
22
Theories
292
1
Models
293
2
Speech Production
295
1
The Serial-order Issue
295
1
Degrees of Freedom
295
1
Context-sensitivity Problem
296
1
Theories of Speech Production
296
1
Target Models
296
2
Feedback and Feedforward Models
298
1
Dynamic Systems Models
299
1
Connectionist Models
299
1
Speech Perception
300
1
Linearity and Segmentation
300
1
Speaker Normalization
301
1
Basic Unit of Perception
301
1
Specialization of Speech Perception
302
1
Categories of Speech Perception Theories
303
1
Active versus Passive
303
1
Bottom-up versus Top-down
303
1
Autonomous versus Interactive
304
1
Theories of Speech Perception
304
1
Motor Theory
304
1
Acoustic Invariance Theory
305
2
Direct Realism
307
1
TRACE Model
307
1
Logogen Theory
308
1
Cohort Theory
308
1
Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception
308
1
Native Language Magnet Theory
309
1
Summary
310
1
Review Exercises
310
3
Glossary
313
16
Appendix
329
2
IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels
329
2
References
331
18
Index
349