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Tables of Contents for Cultural Anthropology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
1 Studying Anthropology
1
35
What Is Anthropology?
6
12
Anthropology as a Science of Process and Connectivity
6
1
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology
7
11
Culture with a Big "C"
18
2
Characteristics of Culture
20
3
Shared
21
1
Learned
21
1
Patterned
22
1
Flexible
23
1
The Perspective of Anthropology
23
6
Holism
4
Comparison
25
1
Cultural Relativism versus Ethnocentricism
26
2
Ideal and Real Culture
28
1
Emic and Ethic
28
1
Anthropology, Culture Change, and Globalization
29
5
Summary
34
1
Key Terms
35
1
2 Studying Cultures
36
34
Perspectives on Cultures
37
6
Cultures as Adaptive Strategies
37
2
Cultures as Communities
39
1
Cultures as Regulators of Time and Space
40
3
Culture, Cognition, and Language
43
9
Cultures and Cognition
43
2
Characteristics of Language
45
3
Linguistic Relativity: The Whorfian Hypothesis
48
1
Language and Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding
48
4
Doing Ethnography: Fieldwork
52
16
Research Methods
53
7
Tools of the Trade
60
3
Quality and Quantity
63
1
Gender and Fieldwork
64
1
Emic, Ethic, Ideal, and Real in the Field
64
2
Hazards of Field Research
66
2
Summary
68
1
Key Terms
69
1
3 Anthropological Theories
70
37
The Early History of Anthropological Thought: Unilineal Evolution and Diffusion
74
3
The Classic Phase of Anthropological Thought, 1900-1970
77
9
Franz Boas and the Reaction to Speculative Evolutionary Theory
77
1
British Social Anthropology
78
2
Leslie White: Universal Cultural Evolution
80
2
Julian Steward: Parallel or Multilineal Cultural Evolution
82
2
Homer Barnett: Innovation and Culture Change
84
2
Contemporary Theory in Cultural Anthropology
86
13
Materialistic Perspectives: Cultural Materialism and Marxism
86
5
Interpretivism: Symbolic Anthropology and Postmodernism
91
2
Models of Change and Adaptation in Contemporary Anthropology
93
6
Understanding the Interaction of Changing Cultural Systems: Political Ecology
99
6
Summary
105
1
Key Terms
106
1
4 Culture in America
107
31
Capitalism and Democratic Politics
109
1
The Origins of Democratic Capitalism (Community)
110
4
New England Origins
111
2
Mill Town and Factory City
113
1
The Modern American State: Mass Democracy and Pluralist Society
114
7
Individualism in American Society
121
3
Globalization and Our Postmodern Society
124
3
Anthropology, Ethnography, and Research on American Social Issues
127
4
The Inner Cities: Racism and Ethnographies of the Dispossessed
127
2
Migration, Ethnicity, and Ethnic Conflict
129
1
Ethnography and Globalization in Rural America
130
1
The Family, Sex, and Gender in Modern Societies
131
5
Sexuality in American Life
133
1
The Structure of the Family in Modernizing Societies
134
2
Summary
136
1
Key Terms
137
1
5 Bands and Tribes: Remote Peripheries
138
35
Hunter-Gatherer Bands: Exisiting Outside of Civilization
139
14
Demography, Technology, and Subsistence
143
2
Gender Roles in Band Societies
145
1
Social Structure: Family, Macroband, and Microband
146
4
Marriage in Band Societies
150
1
Religion in Band Societies: Existential Ideologies
151
2
Tribes of the Periphery
153
18
The Shift to Food Production and Animal Domestication
154
1
Technology and Subsistence Practices
155
3
Tribal Social Structure
158
4
Functions of Descent Systems
162
4
The Political Economies of Tribes: The Impact of Trade
166
5
Summary
171
1
Key Terms
172
1
6 Chiefdoms and Pre-Modern States: Core-Periphery Relations
173
34
Characteristics of Chiefdoms and States
174
1
Chiefdoms
174
6
States
176
4
The Rise of Chiefdoms and States
180
5
Ecological Explanations
180
1
Trade Factors
180
5
The Dynamics of Archaic States and Empires
185
10
The Early Mesopotamian Empires
187
3
Empires of the Inland Sea: The Mediterranean
190
5
The Origin of Feudalism in Ancient Europe
195
9
The Impact of Roman Rule
197
2
European Feudal Society
199
5
The Catholic Religion
204
1
Summary
204
2
Key Terms
206
1
7 The Modern World: Capitalism, World Systems, and Globalization
207
39
The Mercantilist Roots of Capitalism
209
8
The Age of Exploration
209
2
The Impact of Spain and Portugal on Latin America
211
1
The Impact of Western Europe on Africa
212
2
The Emergence of Great Britain as a Trade Empire and the Collapse of Feudalism
214
3
The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism
217
10
Industrialization and Political Change in England
219
2
Colonialism: The British in North America
221
1
The Capitalist Legacy: Destruction of Indigenous Worlds
222
3
North American Indians: The Effects of the Fur Trade
225
2
The Rise of Modern Democratic Capitalism
227
6
Characteristics of Democratic Capitalism
228
4
Blocked Transitions to Capitalism: Articulation, Disarticulation, and Structural Power
232
1
Anti-Capitalist Revolutions
233
5
The Soviet Experience: Revolution, Reform, and Blocked Transitions
235
3
The Globalization of the World System
238
6
Summary
244
1
Key Terms
245
1
8 Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflict, and Social Movements
246
42
Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity
248
10
Assimilation, Acculturation, and Multiculturalism
251
4
Ethnicity in the United States
255
3
Contemporary Social Movements
258
12
Explaining Social Movements
258
6
Types of Social Movements
264
6
Multiculturalism and Indigenous Rights: The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
270
11
Multicultural Movements in the United States
271
1
Indigenous Rights Movements
272
1
Ethnonationalist Movements
273
8
From Anti-Capitalist to Pro-Capitalist Movements
281
5
Peasant Wars
281
4
Pro-Capitalist Reformative Movements
285
1
Summary
286
1
Key Terms
287
1
9 Africa: Overcoming a Colonial Legacy
288
43
Africa and Anthropology in the Twentieth Century
290
2
The Geography and Ethnography of Africa
292
1
Political Ecology, Trade, and Empire-Building
293
15
Village Agriculture
294
3
Pastoralism: The Cattle Keepers
297
2
The Camel Nomads of North Africa
299
3
The Development of Trade along the Nile
302
3
The Development of Gold Trade
305
3
The Emergence of Slave Trade Societies in the West
308
1
The Heritage of Colonialism
309
4
Adaptation to the State and Development
310
1
The Tide of Liberation
311
1
The Rise of Socialism
312
1
Regional War and Ethnic Conflict
313
11
Ethiopia: Failure of Cheap Food Policies
316
1
Somalia: The Breakdown of Clan-Based Social Controls
317
2
Rwanda and Burundi: The Politics of Ethnic Violence
319
1
Sudan: A Clash of Cultures
320
3
Nigeria: The Dismal Tunnel
323
1
The Democratic Transition in South Africa
324
5
Summary
329
1
Key Terms
330
1
10 The Middle East: Ethnicity, Oil, and Conflict
331
38
Political Ecology and Cultural Diversity: An Historical Overview
333
18
Human Ecology
336
2
Political Economy and Religion The Rise of Independent States in the Middle East
351
11
The Oil Trade Countries: Conflict and Community
353
1
Terrorism and Regional Conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Israel
354
8
Modernization and Islamic Fundamentalism
362
3
Turkey: Resisting the Tide of Islam
363
1
Summary
365
3
Key Terms
368
1
11 Asia: The Emerging Tigers
369
42
Changing Ideas about Asia
370
3
Human Ecology and Cultural Diversity
373
3
China: From Confucianism to Communism
376
15
The Earliest Chinese: Ecology, Technology, and Trade
376
1
The Rise of the Chinese Dynasties
377
1
Confucianism and Chinese Culture
378
2
Chinese Feudalism: Peasants and Ethnic Minorities
380
1
Collapse of the Empire and the Rise of Communism
381
8
People on the Periphery: China's Minorities
389
2
Modernizing India: The Response to Colonialism
391
9
Origins of India
392
1
The Rise of Hinduism and the Caste System
393
1
Buddhism: The Search for Equality
394
1
Islam and Trade in India
395
1
Colonial Rule
395
2
Ethnic Politics: Sikh Struggles for Independence
397
3
Indonesia: An Emerging Tiger
400
2
Changing Vietnam: Another Tiger Emerging?
402
3
Japan: The Leading Asian Tiger
405
4
Traditional Japanese Culture
405
1
The Westernization of Japan
406
3
Summary
409
1
Key Terms
410
1
12 Latin America: Political Bosses, Dependency, and Democratic Reform
411
46
From Tribes to States in Mesoamerica
414
3
The Emergence of Civilizations in the Andes
417
2
The Invasion and Its Aftermath
419
2
The Colonial Period
421
7
Political Ecology: Mines, Haciendas, and Plantations
421
3
The Emergence of Hybrid Cultures and Class Stratification
424
4
The Period of Caudillos in Latin American 1810-1930
428
6
Class and Ritual Kinship
428
1
Latin American Sexual Relationst Macxism, Virginity, and Prostitution
429
2
Religion and Community
431
3
Dependency, Revolution, and the Rise of State Capitalism
434
7
From Caudillismo to State Terrorism in Central America
437
3
Democratization and Privatization in South America
440
1
Indigenous Strategies of Cultural Survival
441
7
Summary
448
8
Key Terms
456
1
13 Global Problems, International Developments and Anthropology in the Third Millennium
457
28
Global Problems
459
15
Population
460
7
Agriculture and Food Production
467
4
Deforestation
471
3
International Development and Development Anthropology
474
1
International Development Aid
474
2
Sustainable Development
476
1
Development Anthropology and Anthropology of Development
477
4
The Employment of Anthropologists in Development
479
2
Summary
481
3
Key Terms
484
1
Glossary
485
14
References
499
11
Name Index
510
3
Subject Index
513