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Tables of Contents for Human Evolution
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
Introduction
1
8
Evolution and Environment
9
42
Organic evolution
9
3
Natural Selection and Fitness
12
3
Genotype, Phenotype and the Environment
15
4
Mutations Great and Small
19
2
Environmental Change and Evolution Rate
21
4
Variability, Speciation and Taxonomy
25
6
Homeostasis of the Individual
31
2
Homeostasis of the Population
33
3
Behavior
36
4
Sociobiology and Human Behavior
40
3
Evolution and Progress
43
4
Specialization and Pedomorphosis
47
2
Organism and Evolution---A Summary
49
2
Suggestions for Further Reading
50
1
Mammals: Progress in Homeostasis
51
24
The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
51
3
Homiothermy: Constant Body Temperature
54
2
Heterodontism and Mastication
56
2
Prenatal Reproductive Economy
58
5
Postnatal Parental Care
63
4
Determinants of Behavior
67
4
The Human Mammal: Summary
71
4
Suggestions for Further Reading
73
2
The Primate Radiation
75
34
The Origin of Primates
75
1
The Primate Character
76
5
Primate Classification
81
3
Primate Locomotion: Prosimians and Monkeys
84
9
Primate Locomotion: Apes and Humans
93
5
Neural Correlates of Arboreal Locomotion
98
4
Neural Correlates of Binocular Vision
102
4
Summary
106
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
107
2
The Fossil Evidence: The Hominidae
109
32
Hominid Ancestors: Some Fossil Apes
109
3
The Earliest Australopithecus
112
4
Later Species of Australopithecus
116
11
Homo habilis
127
3
Homo erectus
130
2
Homo sapiens
132
6
Summary
138
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
140
1
Body Structure and Posture
141
24
Body Structure and Locomotion
141
4
Center of Gravity
145
2
Evolution of the Vertebral Column and Thorax
147
7
The Head and Neck
154
5
The Tail
159
3
Summary
162
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
162
3
Locomotion and the Hindlimb
165
34
Allometry and the Generalized Primate Limb
165
5
The Evolution of the Pelvis
170
13
The Hindlimb
183
6
The Evolution of the Foot
189
7
Summary
196
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
197
2
Manipulation and the Forelimb
199
30
The Mammalian Forelimb
199
2
The Pectoral Girdle
201
7
The Evolution of the Upper Arm
208
5
The Forearm
213
4
The Hands of Primates
217
3
The Evolution of the Human Hand
220
6
Our Ancestors: Arboreal Climbers
226
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
227
2
The Head: Function and Structure
229
44
Functions of the Head
229
2
The Masticatory Apparatus and the Head
231
4
The Eyes
235
5
The Nose
240
3
The Ears
243
5
Changes in Brain Structure and Function
248
7
The Significance of the Emotions
255
3
The Brain as a Determinant of Skull Form
258
4
The Face
262
3
Hair and Skin
265
5
The Human Head
270
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
272
1
Feeding, Ecology, and Behavior
273
44
The Food Search
273
2
Diet
275
2
Taste and the Tongue
277
2
The Masticatory Apparatus
279
4
The Human Jaw
283
4
Dention
287
11
Digestion
298
2
Ecology, Diet, and Behavior
300
7
Tools and Resources
307
4
Food and Fire
311
3
Summary
314
3
Suggestions for Further Reading
314
3
Reproduction, Social Structure, and the Family
317
46
Reproduction and the Placenta
317
3
Birth and Infancy
320
4
Female Sexuality
324
4
Male Sexuality
328
2
Sexual Behavior and Copulation
330
2
Sexual Dimorphism and Secondary Sex Characteristics
332
6
The Human Life Span
338
7
Primate Social Life
345
7
The Nature and Evolution of the Human Family
352
6
The Rise of Human Society
358
5
Suggestions for Further Reading
360
3
Culture and Society
363
48
Culture and Protoculture
363
5
Percepts and Concepts
368
5
Memory
373
3
Intelligence
376
7
Nonverbal Communication
383
4
The Evolution of Language
387
9
Social Stability and Social Institutions
396
5
The Evolution of Ethics
401
4
The Rise of the Individual
405
2
Human Behavior
407
4
Suggestions for Further Reading
409
2
Human Evolution
411
48
The Longest Journey
411
7
The Protocultural Phase: Australopithecus
418
5
The First Humans: Homo habilis
423
3
The Temperate Adaptation: Homo erectus
426
6
The Arachaic Adaptation to Cold:
432
2
Early H. sapiens
The Rise of Modern Homo sapiens
434
4
The Human Species: Homo sapiens Today
438
5
Tools, Technology and Culture
443
6
The Conscious Creature
449
3
Human Evolution: Past and Future
452
7
Suggestions for Further Reading
456
3
References
459
20
Glossary
479
28
Index
507