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Tables of Contents for Energy Systems and Sustainability
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
3
3
Why sustainable energy matte
3
3
1.2 Definitions: energy, sustainability and the future
6
1
1.3 Present energy sources and sustainability
7
16
Fossil fuels
7
9
Nuclear energy
16
3
Bioenergy
19
2
Hydroelectricity
21
2
Summary
23
1
1.4 Renewable energy sources
23
11
Solar energy
23
5
Indirect use of solar energy
28
3
Non-solar renewables
31
3
Sustainability of renewable energy sources
34
1
1.5 Energy services and efficiency improvement
34
13
Energy services
34
2
Energy efficiency improvements
36
10
The rebound effect
46
1
1.6 Energy in a sustainable future
47
7
Changing patterns of energy use
47
2
Long-term energy scenarios
49
5
References
54
3
CHAPTER 2 PRIMARY ENERGY
2.1 World primary energy consumption
57
4
What is primary energy?
57
1
What is energy consumption?
57
1
'Energy arithmetic'
58
1
Watts
59
1
Kilowatt-hours
59
2
2.2 Quantities of energy
61
3
Units based on oil
61
2
Units based on coal
63
1
The BTU and related units
63
1
The calorie and related units
63
1
2.3 Interpreting the data
64
2
Definitions
64
1
Conversions
64
1
Conventions
65
1
2.4 World energy sources
66
4
International comparisons
69
1
2.5 Primary energy in the UK
70
5
Britain's changing energy scene
72
2
Renewables in the UK
74
1
2.6 Primary energy in Denmark
75
4
Renewables in Denmark
78
1
2.7 Primary energy in the USA
79
4
Renewables in the USA
82
1
Review
83
1
2.8 Primary energy in France
83
2
2.9 Primary energy in India
85
3
Renewables in India
86
2
2.10 Summary
88
1
References
89
4
CHAPTER 3 WHAT DO WE USE ENERGY FOR?
3.1 Primary, delivered and useful energy
93
2
3.2 The expanding uses of energy
95
14
Food
96
1
Fertilizers
97
3
Domestic energy
100
4
Industry
104
3
Transport
107
1
Services
108
1
3.3 Energy uses today
109
16
The energy balance for the UK
109
9
International comparisons
118
3
Comparisons of delivered energy
121
4
3.4 Conclusions
125
2
References and data sources
127
1
Further reading
128
2
CHAPTER 4 FORMS OF ENERGY
4.1 Introduction
130
1
4.2 Kinetic and potential energy
131
5
4.3 Heat
136
1
4.4 Electrical energy
136
4
Electrons
138
2
4.5 Electromagnetic radiation
140
5
4.6 Chemical energy
145
3
The nuclear atom
147
1
4.7 Nuclear energy
148
3
Protons and neutrons
148
1
Isotopes
149
1
The nuclear force
149
1
Radioactivity and fission
150
1
4.8 Energy and mass
151
1
4.9 Summary
152
1
References
153
1
Further reading
153
4
CHAPTER 5 COAL
5.1 The fossil fuels
157
1
5.2 From wood to coal
158
5
The early years
158
2
The Industrial Revolution
160
2
The nineteenth century
162
1
5.3 The resource and its use
163
8
Types of coal
163
3
Reserves and production
166
4
The uses of coal
170
1
5.4 Coal combustion
171
5
The composition of coal
171
1
The combustion process
172
1
Proximate analysis
173
1
Combustion products
174
2
5.5 Fires, furnaces and boilers
176
7
Power station boilers
177
4
Flue gases
181
2
5.6 Summary
183
1
References
184
3
CHAPTER 6 HEAT TO MOTIVE POWER
6.1 Introduction
187
1
6.2 Steam engines
188
9
The Early Years
188
2
Savery and Newcomen
190
4
James Watt
194
3
6.3 The principles of heat engines
197
5
Carnot's law
198
1
The Carnot engine
198
2
Atoms in motion
200
2
Heat flow
202
1
6.4 The age of steam
202
7
Improving the efficiency
203
2
Mobile power
205
4
6.5 Steam turbines
209
6
Steam, speed and rpm
209
2
Parsons' turbo-generator
211
4
6.6 Power station turbines
215
7
The turbines
216
2
A 660-MW turbine
218
4
6.7 Futures
222
1
References
223
4
CHAPTER 7 OIL AND GAS
Part 1 Oil and gas as primary fuels
227
35
7.1 Introduction
227
1
7.2 The origins and geology of petroleum
228
2
7.3 The origins of the oil and gas industry
230
6
Petroleum for illumination
231
3
Petroleum for transport
234
1
The natural gas industry
235
1
7.4 Finding petroleum
236
9
How do we get it?
238
2
Where do we get it?
240
5
7.5 Refining and products
245
5
Introduction
245
1
The fractions
246
1
Getting more of what you want
247
1
The many products - a summary
248
2
7.6 UK demand for oil products: past, present and future
250
4
Introduction
250
1
Time comparison, 1967 and 2000
250
4
7.7 UK demand for gas: past, present and future
254
4
Measurement
254
1
Demand by sector
254
4
7.8 Why so special?
258
3
Cheap and readily available
258
1
Indigenous production/security of supply
258
1
Convenience and ease of use
258
1
Clean to burn
259
1
Ease of distribution/storage/portability
260
1
Energy density
260
1
7.9 Substitutes for oil and gas?
261
1
Part 2 Oil and gas as secondary fuels
262
33
7.10 Introduction
262
1
7.11 Obstacles to coal conversion
262
3
Technology
262
1
Environment
262
1
Conversion efficiencies
263
1
Cost and price
263
1
Capital cost
264
1
Summary
265
1
7.12 Gas from oil
265
1
7.13 Oil from gas
266
1
7.14 Gas from coal
267
6
A little history
267
3
Gas from coal - the future
270
3
7.15 Oil from coal
273
5
Oil from coal - the future
277
1
7.16 Non-conventional sources of petroleum
278
4
Introduction
278
1
Oil shale
278
2
Tar sands
280
1
Heavy oil deposits
281
1
Summary
282
1
7.17 The wider future
282
9
Introduction
282
2
Lesson from America
284
2
First America... now the world
286
4
Beyond Hubbert's peak
290
1
References
291
4
CHAPTER 8 OIL AND GAS ENGINES
8.1 Introduction
295
1
8.2 The petrol or spark ignition engine
295
90
The birth of the car engine
298
4
The motorization of the US
302
1
Aircraft petrol engines
303
1
Compression ratio and octane number
304
1
Lead additives
304
81
8.3 The diesel engine
385
Diesel power for ships
306
1
Diesel engines for road, rail and air
307
2
8.4 Petrol and diesel engines - reducing pollution
309
5
Emissions from petrol engines
311
3
Obtaining best efficiency
314
1
8.5 The gas turbine
314
8
The German jet engine
315
1
The British jet engine
316
2
Post-war developments
318
1
Modern jet engines
319
2
Industrial gas turbines
321
1
Improving power and efficiency
321
1
Gas turbines for cars
321
1
8.6 The Stirling engine
322
5
Principles
323
1
The Philips engine
324
1
The quest for the Stirling car engine
325
2
8.7 Conclusion
327
2
References and sources
329
1
Further Reading
329
4
CHAPTER 9 ELECTRICITY
9.1 Introduction
333
1
9.2 Making electricity in the nineteenth century
334
14
Batteries and chemical electricity
334
1
Magnetism and generators
335
2
The rise of electric lighting
337
2
AC or DC?
339
4
High voltage or low voltage?
343
4
Metering and tariffs
347
1
9.3 The continuing development of electric lighting
348
5
Gas fights back
348
1
Improving the incandescent light bulb
348
1
The fluorescent lamp
349
3
The light emitting diode (LED)
352
1
9.4 Electric traction
353
5
Electric trams and trains
353
2
Battery electric vehicles
355
2
Electric transmissions and hybrid electric drives
357
1
9.5 Expanding uses
358
7
Telecommunications and information technology
358
3
Cooking and heating
361
1
Refrigeration
362
2
Electric motors everywhere
364
1
Where electricity is used today
365
1
9.6 Large scale generation
365
6
Thermal power stations
365
4
Hydroelectricity
369
1
Combined heat and power generation
369
2
9.7 Transmission and distribution
371
4
The National Grid
371
2
Coal by wire
373
1
The Channel link
374
1
The grid today
374
1
9.8 Running the system
375
6
What exactly is being optimized?
376
1
Ownership of the system
377
1
Balancing supply and demand
377
2
Peak demands and pumped storage
379
1
The privatized UK system
380
1
9.9 The dash far gas
381
3
9.10 Electricity around the world
384
6
United Kingdom: a summary
385
1
United States of America
385
1
France
386
1
Denmark
387
1
India
388
2
9.11 Conclusion
390
1
References and sources
390
2
Further reading
392
3
CHAPTER 10 NUCLEAR POWER
10.1 Introduction
395
1
10.2 Radioactivity
396
6
Alpha particles
397
1
Beta particles
397
2
Gamma particles
399
1
Radioactive decay and half-life
399
1
An effect without a cause
400
2
10.3 Nuclear fission
402
3
Experiments with neutrons
402
1
Fission
402
3
10.4 1939-1945: reactors and bombs
405
6
The first reactor
405
3
New elements
408
2
Atomic bombs
410
1
'Swords into ploughshares'
410
1
10.5 Thermal fission reactors
411
11
The reactor core
414
1
Structures
414
1
Safety
414
2
Types of thermal fission reactor
416
6
10.6 Nuclear fuel cycles
422
5
Mining and extraction
422
1
Enrichment and fuel fabrication
423
1
Spent fuel
423
4
10.7 Fast reactors
427
2
The liquid-metal fast breeder reactor
428
1
10.8 Power from fusion
429
4
Approaches to a fusion reactor
431
2
References
433
1
Further reading
434
1
Useful web sites
434
3
CHAPTER 11 THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER
11.1 Introduction
437
1
11.2 Reasons for decline
438
9
Nuclear accidents
439
3
Nuclear economics
442
4
Nuclear decline worldwide
446
1
11.3 Nuclear power: a long-term answer to climate change?
447
9
Nuclear wastes
449
1
Uranium reserves
450
4
Stretching reserves: the fast breeder reactor
454
1
Nuclear fusion: the ultimate answer?
455
1
11.4 New nuclear developments
456
12
Safer nuclear power
457
3
Waste management and reprocessing
460
4
Cheaper nuclear power
464
2
Development issues and proliferation
466
2
11.5 The future: conflicting views
468
2
11.6 Conclusion
470
1
References
471
6
CHAPTER 12 COSTING ENERGY
12.1 Introduction
477
1
12.2 Energy prices today
478
4
Petrol and diesel fuel
478
1
Domestic energy prices
479
1
Industrial energy prices
480
2
12.3 Inflation, real prices and affordability
482
7
The value of money
482
5
Affordability and fuel poverty
487
2
12.4 Investing in energy
489
20
Price and cost
489
1
Balancing investment against cash flow
490
3
Discounted cash flow analysis
493
16
12.5 Real world complications
509
3
Security and diversity of supply
509
2
Externality costs of pollution and disaster
511
1
New technologies, economies of scale and 'market washing'
511
1
12.6 Conclusions
512
2
References
514
1
Statistical data sources
515
1
Further reading
516
3
CHAPTER 13 PENALTIES: ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF ENERGY USE
13.1 Introduction
519
1
13.2 Classifying the impacts of energy use
519
4
Classification by source
519
1
Classification by pollutant
520
2
Classification by scale
522
1
13.3 Household-scale impacts
523
2
Wood burning in developing countries
523
2
13.4 Workplace-scale impacts
525
6
Biomass harvesting and forestry
525
1
Hydro and wind power
525
1
Coal, oil and gas
525
2
Nuclear power
527
4
13.5 Community-scale impacts
531
6
Urban air pollution in developed countries
532
4
Urban air pollution in developing countries
536
1
Community impacts of hydroelectricity
536
1
13.6 Regional-scale impacts
537
2
Acid deposition
537
1
Public impacts of nuclear power
537
2
13.7 Global-scale impacts
539
6
Global climate change
539
6
13.8 Accidents and risk
545
8
13.9 Comparing the impacts of electricity generating systems
553
8
13.10 Comparing the external costs of electricity generating systems
561
4
13.11 Summary and conclusions
565
1
References and further reading
566
7
CHAPTER 14 REMEDIES: MAKING FOSSIL FUEL USE MORE SUSTAINABLE
14.1 Introduction
573
1
14.2 Reducing pollutant emissions from fossil fuel combustion
574
3
Fuel switching
574
3
14.3 Capturing and sequestering carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion
577
7
Carbon sequestration in forests
577
1
Carbon capture and sequestration beneath the earth's surface
578
2
Ocean sequestration of carbon
580
4
14.4 The fuel cell: energy conversion without combustion
584
3
Fuel cell types
586
1
14.5 A fossil-fuel based hydrogen economy
587
7
Hydrogen storage and use in transport
590
2
Hydrogen safety
592
2
14.6 Can fossil fuel use be made more sustainable?
594
2
References
596
1
Appendix A
597
4
A.1 Orders of magnitude
597
1
A.2 Units and conversions
598
2
Reference
600
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
601
6
INDEX
607