Introduction

Introduction

Definitions of reward, punishment, classical conditioning, stimulus-reinforcement association, instrumental learning

Reward, punishment, emotion, and motivation

The brain control of feeding and reward

Introduction

Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety

The control signals for hunger and satiety

The brain control of eating and reward

The nature of emotion

A theory of emotion

The neural bases of emotion

Introduction

Decoding primary reinforcers

Representing potential secondary reinforcers

The amygdala

The orbitofrontal cortex

Output pathways for emotional responses

Basal forebrain and hypothalamus

Effects of emotion on cognitive processing

Laterality effects in human emotion processing

Brain-stimulation reward

Introduction

The nature of the reward produced

The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain

The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation

The neurophysiology of reward

Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward

Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour

Conclusions

Apostasis

Pharmacology and neurochemistry of reward, and neural output systems for reward

Introduction

The noradrenergic hypothesis

Dopamine and reward

The basal ganglia as an output system for emotional and motivational behaviour, and the pharmacology of this system in relation to reward

Conclusions on the role of dopamine in reward and addiction

The pharmacology of other reward systems, of depression, and of anxiety

Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in reward, punishment, emotion, and motivation

Brain mechanisms for thirst

Introduction

Cellular stimuli for drinking

Extracellular stimuli for thirst

Control of normal drinking

Reward and satiety signals for drinking

Summary

Sexual behaviour, reward, and brain function

Introduction

Brain regions involved in the control of sexual behaviour, and especially in the rewards produced by sexual behaviour

Sperm competition and its consequences for sexual behaviour: a sociobiological approach

Individual differences in sexual rewards

The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexual behaviour

Conclusion

A theory of consciousness, and its application to understanding emotion and pleasure

Introduction

A theory of consciousness

Dual routes to action

Discussion

Conclusion

Reward, punishment and emotion in brain design

Introduction

Brain design

Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit `analysis'

Content and meaning in representations: How are representations grounded in the world?

An afterthrought: what is the sociobiological background to moral issues?

Emotion and literature

Coda and apostasis

Appendix: Neural networks and emotion-related learning

A.1 Neurons in the brain, the representation of information, and neuronal learning mechanisms

A.2 Pattern-association memory

A.3 Reinforcement learning

References

Index