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Tables of Contents for Asian Exports
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
i
Preface
v
Terms and Definitions
xvii
Asian Exports: The Present Predicament
Dilip K. Das
The Past
1
15
Exports from Developing Asia on the Global Scene
5
2
Export Growth and Structural Transformation
7
2
Direction of Developing Asia's Exports
9
4
Uniqueness of Asian Exports
13
2
International Trading Environment
15
1
The Past is No Guide to the Future
16
2
Exports After the Asian Crisis
18
2
Structure of This Volume
20
3
Bibliography and References
23
2
Factors Affecting Export Growth and Performance and the Asian Case
Anne O. Krueger
Introduction
25
1
Export Performance and Overall Economic Growth
26
16
Definitions
26
5
Determinants of Linkages between Export Growth and Economic Growth
31
4
Why Do Outer-Oriented Trade Strategies Matter for Economic Growth?
35
7
Polices Affecting Export Performance
42
14
Direct and Indirect Policies
42
2
Direct Policies
44
1
Exchange Rates
45
6
Macroeconomic Policies
51
2
Trade Regime
53
3
Indirect Policies
56
3
Labor Market Policies
57
1
Infrastructure
57
1
Financial Market Development
58
1
At What Rate Can Export Growth Be Sustained?
59
3
Differential Export Performances of Asian Countries
62
5
Future Prospects: Uncertainties and Anxieties
67
5
Bibliography and References
72
3
Principal Causes of Asian Export Deceleration
Takatoshi Ito
Introduction
75
2
Export Movement and Hypotheses
77
11
Comovement of Export Growth among the NIEs, ASEAN-4, and PRC
77
3
Comovement of Export Growth among other Asian Economies
80
1
Export Acceleration
81
4
Hyphoteses on Export Deceleration
85
1
The Lau-Young-Krugman Hyphothesis on Productivity
85
3
Export Volume and Prices
88
2
Sector Performance
90
5
Korea
90
2
Malaysia
92
2
Thailand
94
1
PRC
94
1
Exchange Rate Regime
95
9
De Facto US Dollar Peg
95
2
Trade Linkages with Japan and the US
97
1
Japan's Imports
98
1
Real Exchange Rates and Export Volumes
99
5
Export Regressions
104
6
Conclusions
110
2
Bibliography and References
112
3
Multilateralism, Minilateralism, and Trade Expansion
David Greenaway
Introduction
115
1
Multilateralism: The Uruguay Round and WTO
116
12
GATT and Multilateral Trade Negotiations
116
2
Uruguay Round Outcomes
118
3
Uruguay Round And Asian's Growth
121
5
Prospects for Multilateralism
126
2
Minilateralism: RTAs and Trade Expansion
128
6
Global Developments in Minilateralism
128
1
Causal Factors behind the New Regionalism
129
2
Minilateralism and Multilateralism
131
3
Trading Blocs and Trade Flows
134
5
Has Real Integration Occurred?
135
1
Has Integration Affected Trade Flows?
136
1
Has Integration Improved Economic Welfare?
137
2
Regionalism in Asia
139
17
Evolution
139
3
APEC: Origins and Development
142
2
APEC: Prospects for the Future
144
1
CGE Modeling of APEC
145
1
Is There a Regional Bias to Trade in Asia?
145
11
Conclusions
156
3
Bibliography and References
159
8
Case Study: People's Republic of China
Larry D. Qiu
Introduction
167
3
Pre-Reform Foreign Trade
167
1
Open-Door Policy
168
1
Economic and Trade Performance
168
2
Policies on Exports, Imports, and Capital Flows
170
20
Overview of the Foreign Trade Regime
170
3
Foreign Exchange Regime
173
6
Export Policies
179
6
Foreign Capital Inflows
185
3
Other Policies
188
2
Determinants of Exports
190
4
Comparative Advantage
190
3
Township-Village Enterprises
193
1
Exchange Rate Variations
193
1
Recent Export Deceleration
194
5
The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis
198
1
Future Prospects
199
5
Bibliography and References
204
3
Case Study: Republic of Korea
Sang Kyom Kim
Inkyo Cheong
Introduction
207
2
Policy Regime and Exports
209
14
Overview of Trade Regime
209
6
Exchange Rate Policies and Trade
215
3
Export Incentive Systems and Their Effectiveness
218
5
Determinants of Exports
223
4
Determinants of Export Supply and Demand
223
2
Changes in Trade Structure
225
1
Comparative Advantage of Korean Exports
225
2
The 1996 Export Deceleration: Loss of Competitiveness
227
14
Trends of Exports and Imports, 1996-1998
227
2
Sector Analysis of International Competitiveness
229
8
Reasons for Weakening Export Competitiveness
237
2
Regaining Export Competitiveness
239
2
Future Prospects
241
4
Bibliography and References
245
4
Case Study: Taipei, China
An-Chi Tung
Introduction
249
2
Expansion of Exports
251
9
Commodity Composition
251
4
Direction of Trade
255
2
Capital Flows
257
1
Factor Contents
258
1
Determinants of Exports
259
1
Stages of Trade Development
260
4
Import-Substitution Industrialization
260
1
Labor-Intensive Export-Led Growth
261
1
Second-Stage Import Substitution and High-Technology Orientation
262
1
Globalization and Liberalization
263
1
Trade Policies
264
8
Foreign Exchange Management
264
1
Exchange Rate Policies
264
2
Import Controls
266
1
Import Duties
267
1
Export Tax Rebates
268
1
Bonded Factories, EPZs, and Science-Based Industrial Parks
268
2
Export Loans and Other Export Incentives
270
1
FDI Policies
270
2
Evaluating Trade Policies
272
8
Neutrality between Exports and Import Substitution
272
2
Nominal Effective Exchange Rates
274
2
Real Effective Exchange Rates
276
1
Real Effective Exchange Rates against Competitors
277
3
Recent Developments
280
5
Export Deceleration in 1996
280
2
Financial Turmoil in 1997
282
3
Future Prospects
285
6
After the Asian Crisis
285
2
Liberalization and Industrial Upgrading
287
2
Electronics and IT/Telecommunications
289
2
Bibliography and References
291
4
Case Study: Malaysia
Mahani Zainal-Abidin
Malaysian Trade Regime and Export Performance
295
6
Export Promotion Strategy and Trade Regime
295
2
Export Performance
297
4
Policies Affecting Export Development
301
7
Trade Regime
301
4
Incentives
305
1
Foreign Direct Investment
306
1
Indirect Policies
307
1
Determinants of Exports
308
5
Comparative Advantage
308
3
Factors Limiting Exports
311
2
Export Deceleration of 1996-1997
313
10
Introduction
313
1
Onset of Export Deceleration
314
3
Factors Responsible for Export Deceleration
317
5
Export Performance in 1997-1998
322
1
Prospects and Policy Recommendations
323
7
Export Prospects
323
2
Policy Recommendations
325
5
Bibliography and References
330
5
Case Study: Thailand
Peter G. Warr
Introduction
335
1
Thailand's Export Performance, 1970-1997
336
11
Destination and Composition of Exports
337
6
Factor Intensity of Exports
343
3
Revealed Comparative Advantage or Competitiveness
346
1
Protection and Export Promotion Policies
347
10
Protection Policies
347
5
Export Promotion Policies
352
5
Relative Prices: Terms of Trade and Real Exchange Rate
357
7
Terms of Trade
357
5
Real Exchange Rate
362
2
1996 Export Slowdown: Trigger to the 1997 Currency Crisis
364
9
Theories for the 1996 Export Slowdown
365
8
Future Prospects
373
8
Export Competitiveness
373
2
Expansion of Aggregate Exports
375
2
Future Composition of Exports
377
2
Policy Environment
379
2
Bibliography and References
381
2
Rejuvenating Asian Exports
Dilip K. Das
The Transition
383
3
Outer-Oriented Strategy
383
2
Twin-Shock Explanation
385
1
Multilateral Trading Environment
385
1
Causes of Export Deceleration
386
5
Global or Regional Factors
386
1
Changing Exchange Rate Configuration
387
1
Value and Volume Growth
387
1
Infrastructure Bottlenecks
388
3
The Trigger for 1996 Deceleration
391
1
Expectation of Acceleration in 1997
392
5
Short - and Long-Term Elasticities
394
1
Supply-Side Bottlenecks
394
1
Demand-Side Constraints
395
2
Export Volume Growth in 1998
397
1
Policy Measures Needed to Restore Competitiveness and Rejuvenate Exports
398
7
Macroeconomic Stability and Reforms
398
1
Banking and Financial Sector Reforms
399
1
Real Effective Exchange Rate
400
1
Changes in Comparative Advantage
400
1
Technological and Industrial Upgrading
401
1
Demand-Based Human Capital Development
402
1
Easing Infrastructure Bottlenecks
402
1
Diversification
403
1
Corporate Governance and Restructuring
403
1
Electronics, Information Technology, and Telecommunications
404
1
Prospects
405
6
Short-Term Prospects
405
3
Medium-Term Prospects
408
3
Summing-up
411
2
Bibliography and References
413
2
Author Index
415
6
Subject Index
421