Introduction

Part One: Classical Sources

Introduction to Part One

``Agamemnon's Plea for Justice,'' from the Iliad

Homer

``Justice, Equality, Desert,'' from the Bible (Old and New Testaments)

``Justice in the State and in the Soul,'' from the Republic

Plato

``The Various Types of Justice,'' from the Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle

``Justice, Retribution, and Mercy,'' from the Koran

``The Nature of Justice,'' from Summa Theologica

Thomas Aquinas

``Justice and Humanity,'' from On the Mind

Mencius

Part Two: Justice and the Social Contract

Introduction to Part Two

``The State of Nature and the Laws of Nature,'' from Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

``The State of Nature and the Social Contract,'' from Second Treatise on Government

John Locke

``From the State of Nature to Citizenship,'' from A Discourse on Inequality and On the Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

``Master and Slave,'' from Phenomenology of Spirit

G. W. F. Hegel

``The Original Position,'' from A Theory of Justice

John Rawls

``From Anarchy to the Minimal State,'' from Anarchy, State, and Utopia

Robert Nozick

``The Presuppositions of the Social Contract,'' from ``The Social Contract as Ideology''

David Gauthier

``Against Social Contract Understandings of Justice,'' from ``Trust and Antitrust''

Annette Baier

Part Three: Justice and Society

Introduction to Part Three

The Declaration of Independence and the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America

``Of Property,'' from the Second Treatise on Government

John Locke

``The Circumstances of Justice and the Rules of Property,'' from An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals and A Treatise of Human Nature

David Hume

``Justice as a Moral Sentiment,'' from A Theory of the Moral Sentiments, and ``The Virtues of the Free Market,'' from The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

``Rightful Ownership,'' from The Philosophy of Law

Immanuel Kant

``Justice, Property, and Law,'' from The Philosophy of Right

G. W. F. Hegel

``Social Justice and Utility,'' from Utilitarianism

John Stuart Mill

``Against Arm-Chair Justice,'' from Anti-Duhring, and Karl Marx, ``From Each According to His Ability, To Each According to His Needs,'' from A Critique of the Gotha Programme

Friedrich Engels

``Against `Social Justice,''' from The Mirage of Social Justice

Friedrich von Hayek

``Equality,'' from ``The Idea of Equality''

Bernard Williams

``On Three Types of Justice,'' from Social Justice

David Miller

Part Four: Justice and Punishment

Introduction to Part Four

``Patterns of Vengeance,'' from Vengeance

Pietro Marongiu

Graeme Newman

``Retribution and Revenge,'' from Philosophical Explanations

Robert Nozick

``A Utilitarian Theory of Punishment,'' from Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

Jeremy Bentham

``A Retributivist Theory of Punishment,'' from The Philosophy of Law

Immanuel Kant

``Punishment as Self-Chosen,'' from The Philosophy of Right

G. W. F. Hegel

``Punishment and Ressentiment,'' from On the Genealogy of Morals

Friedrich Nietzsche

``A Defense of the Utilitarian View,'' from ``Two Concepts of Rules''

John Rawls

``A Defense of the Retributivist View,'' from ``The Moral Worth of Retribution''

Michael Moore

``The Message of Punishment,'' from ``The Moral Education Theory of Punishment''

Jean Hampton

``Justice and the Passion for Vengeance,'' from A Passion for Justice

Robert C. Solomon

United States Supreme Court, Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

``Against the Death Penalty,'' from ``Capital Punishment''

Hugo Bedau

``For the Death Penalty,'' from ``Deterrence and the Death Penalty''

Ernest van den Haag

``The Unique Horror of the Death Penalty,'' from ``Reflections on the Guillotine''

Albert Camus

Part Five: The Contemporary Debate on Distributive Justice

Introduction to Part Five

``Justice as Fairness,'' from ``Justice as Fairness'' and A Theory of Justice

John Rawls

``Justice and Hypothetical Agreements,'' from ``The Original Position''

Ronald Dworkin

``Internal Difficulties with Justice as Fairness,'' from ``Rawls on Justice''

Thomas Nagel

``The Entitlement Theory,'' from Anarchy, State, and Utopia

Robert Nozick

``Justice, Tradition, and Desert,'' from After Virtue

Alasdair MacIntyre

``Justice and Community,'' from Liberalism and the Limits of Justice

Michael Sandel

``Complex Equality,'' from Spheres of Justice

Michael Walzer

``Justice as Fairness: For Whom?,'' from Justice, Gender, and the Family

Susan Moller Okin

``Justice as Fairness as a Political Conception of Justice,'' from ``Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical''

John Rawls

Bibliography