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Tables of Contents for An Introduction to Health Planning in Developing Countries
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Abbreviations
xx
What is planning, and why plan?
1
23
Development of formalized planning
1
1
Health planning
2
1
Rationale for health planning
2
1
What is allocative planning?
3
1
Scarcity and choice --- the basis for planning
3
4
What is meant by the term `health'?
7
1
Different perspectives on health and health-care
8
1
The market as a means of determining allocations
9
2
The state's responsibilities in the health sector
11
3
State attitudes to different types of health-case
14
1
Attitudes to health planning
15
3
Planning as an open transparent process
18
1
Planning as a technocractic or as a political activity
18
1
Summary
19
1
Introductory reading
20
1
Exercise 1
20
1
References and further reading
20
4
Approaches to planning
24
19
Planning models
24
7
Realistic rational planning
31
2
Planning as a political process
33
1
Private and public sector planning
34
2
Levels of planning
36
1
Planning, management, and policy
37
1
Planning activities and terms
37
3
Summary
40
1
Introductory reading
40
1
Exercise 2
40
1
References and further reading
41
2
The policy context: Primary Health Care and Health Sector Reform
43
31
Origins of Primary Health Care
43
6
The Alma-Ata declaration
49
1
Equity
50
5
Community participation
55
2
A multisectoral approach to health
57
1
Appropriate technology and service mix
58
1
A health-promotive and preventive approach
59
1
Decentralization
59
2
Multiagency collaboration
61
1
Obstacles to the implementation of a PHC approach
61
2
Health sector reform
63
3
HSR, PHC, and planning
66
2
Summary
68
1
Introductory reading
68
1
Exercise 3
69
1
References and further reading
69
5
Planning for health
74
21
Planning for the health-care sector
75
6
Development of government policies and plans towards non-State organizations
81
7
Planning for health promotion
88
3
Planning for health
91
2
Summary
93
1
Introductory reading
93
1
Exercise 4
93
1
References and further reading
94
1
Financing health-care
95
21
The context
95
3
Alternative strategies to increase effective resource levels
98
2
Criteria for choosing a financing system
100
3
Alternative approaches to financing health-care
103
7
Planning and financing
110
1
Summary
111
1
Introductory reading
111
2
Exercise 5
113
1
References and further reading
113
3
Information for planning
116
21
What is information and why do we need it?
116
2
Paralysis by analysis
118
1
Accuracy of information
118
3
Spatial and time considerations
121
1
Level of aggregation of information
122
1
Type of information
123
4
Information systems
127
6
Summary
133
1
Introductory reading
133
1
Exercise 6
134
1
References and further reading
134
3
Situational analysis
137
14
Population characteristics
138
1
Area characteristics and infrastructure
139
2
Policy and political environment
141
1
Health needs
141
2
The non-health sector: plans and services provided
143
1
Health services
143
1
Resources
144
3
Efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and quality of current services
147
1
Analysis of the situation
147
1
Who should carry out the situational analysis?
148
1
Summary
149
1
Introductory reading
149
1
Exercise 7
149
1
References and further reading
149
2
Setting priorities
151
19
Health and need
151
2
Need as perceived by the community and by the health professions
153
1
Underlying perceptions of health
154
5
Who should set priorities?
159
2
Establishing priorities within a planning framework
161
4
Priority-setting and PHC
165
1
Summary
166
1
Introductory reading
167
1
Exercise 8
167
1
References and further reading
168
2
Costs and costing
170
20
What is meant by costs?
170
1
Whose costs?
171
3
Real or market prices?
174
2
Costing methods
176
4
Levels of accuracy and sources of information
180
1
Unit costs
181
1
Recurrent cost coefficients
182
1
Costs relationships
182
2
Apportionment of joint costs
184
2
Cash-flow analysis
186
1
Summary
187
1
Introductory reading
187
1
Exercise 9: Marginal and average cost example
187
1
References and further reading?
188
2
Option appraisal and evaluation
190
25
Economic appraisal techniques
191
12
Option appraisal and economic appraisal
203
3
Forms and checklists
206
1
Option appraisal and programming
206
1
Appraisal and evaluation
207
1
Evaluation
207
1
Evaluation questions
208
3
Evaluations and situational analysis
211
1
Summary
211
1
Introductory reading
212
1
Exercise 10
212
1
References and further reading
213
2
Resource allocation and budgeting
215
22
Different forms of budget
215
4
Budgeting and resource allocation approaches
219
7
The budgeting process
226
3
Financial management and accounting
229
5
Summary
234
1
Introductory reading
235
1
Exercise 11
235
1
References and further reading
235
2
Programmes, projects, implementation, and monitoring
237
23
Programmes and projects
237
2
Implementation
239
1
Causes of poor implementation
240
3
Improving the record on implementation
243
12
Monitoring
255
1
Location of projects and programmes
256
1
Implementation of services by other agencies
257
1
Summary
257
1
Introductory reading
257
1
Exercise 12
258
1
References and further reading
258
2
Planning human resources
260
20
What is human resource planning?
260
1
The record on human resources planning
261
1
Why is the record on human resource planning so poor?
262
1
Human resource planning --- an approach
263
2
Assess demand
265
3
Assess supply
268
5
Determine mismatches between the estimated demand and supply over time and location
273
1
Determine appropriate action to minimize mismatches
273
1
Regularly review and update plan
274
1
Human resource planning implementation
274
1
Relationship to the planning process
275
1
Human resource planning and Health Sector Reform
276
1
Summary
277
1
Introductory reading
277
1
Exercise 13
278
1
References and further reading
279
1
The state of planning and planning for the State
280
25
Assessment criteria
281
12
An illustrative case study of a planning system
293
7
A planning culture
300
1
The future of State planning
301
1
Introductory reading
302
1
Exercise 14
302
1
References and further reading
302
3
Index
305