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Tables of Contents for Media and Ethics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
Basic Ethics for Media Professionals
1
39
Classic Case in Public Relations: A Moral Choice for the White House Press Secretary
1
1
What is Ethical Decision Making?
2
3
Justifying Our Choices
2
1
Understanding Ethical Decision Making: Rules Vs. Principles
2
1
Learning the Benefits of Ethical Decision Making
3
1
Accepting Responsibility for Professional Moral Actions
4
1
Responding to Selfishness in Society
5
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Kathy Lee and Clothing
5
2
Understanding the Tendency to Inflict Harm
6
1
Contemporary Case in Media: Trash TV
7
2
Consequentialism and Nonconsequentialism
9
1
Five Systems for Making Ethical Decisions
9
3
Duty: What is My Duty?
10
2
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Political Bait and Switch
12
2
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Media Analysis of TV Talk Shows
14
3
Utilitarianism: What Are the Consequences?
16
1
Classic Case in Public Relations: The Response to the Press Secretary's Resignation
17
1
Contemporary Case in Media: Broadcast Nudity
18
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The War Correspondent
19
3
Rights: What Are the Rights of the Individual?
20
2
Contemporary Case in Advertising: Tobacco
22
2
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Gay Employee
24
3
Virtue: What is the Most Virtuous Decision?
25
2
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Golden Mean of Work
27
3
Relationships: What Relationships Are Affected?
28
2
Contemporary Case in Publishing: Seamless Structure?
30
1
Relativism: Moral Rules Vary Among Cultures
31
2
Ethical Relativism
32
1
Combining Ethics Systems
33
1
Codes of Ethics
33
1
Nonbinding Codes of Ethics
34
1
Summary
34
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
35
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Press Secretary
36
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Incomplete Story
37
1
Selected Sources
38
2
Moral Obligations of the Individual Media Professional
40
22
Contemporary Case in Broadcast Journalism: The Hidden Camera
40
1
Understanding Ethical Decisions
41
2
Fulfilling a Moral Obligation to Act Well
42
1
What's So Great About Theories? The Benefits of Moral Theory
43
1
Developing A Personal Moral Theory
43
9
Finding an Ultimate Goal: Your Beacon on the Hill
44
3
Developing a Hierarchy of Personal Values
47
5
What Is Moral Maturity?
52
6
Kohlberg's Six Stages
52
4
Moral Maturity in Thought and Action
56
2
Summary
58
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
59
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Race and Culture Shock
59
1
Contemporary Case: Personal Morality
60
1
Selected Sources
61
1
The Powerful Impact of Information
62
35
Contemporary Case: Political Attack Advertising
62
2
A Road Map for Making Ethical Decisions
64
3
Identifying the Moral Goal
64
1
The Short-Term Benefit
65
1
Contributions to Harm
66
1
Preparing a Personal Moral Theory
67
1
Is This Information Important To Distribute?
67
2
Professional Obligations: Minimize Harms
68
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Minority Reporter and the Police
69
4
The Cyber-Information Age
70
3
Establishing Boundaries for Distributing Information
73
1
Is Failure to Distribute Information a Greater Harm?
74
1
Classic Case in Journalism: Juvenile Court Judge
74
1
Classic Case in Public Relations: Juvenile Court Judge, Part II
75
2
Defining Harmless Distribution of Information
76
1
Regulating Information: Absolutism
76
1
How Does Information Affect Society?
77
1
Some Prefer Social Order
77
1
Some Prefer Conflict and Competition
77
1
Social Order or Conflict: Which Is More Beneficial?
78
1
When New Rules Come Along: Gender Issues
78
1
Public Pressure and Long-Term Consequences
79
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Incentive
79
2
Consideration for the Weak
80
1
Self-Interest and Emotion
80
1
Is Deceptive Information Harmful?
81
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Win at All Costs
81
2
Harmless Deceptions
82
1
Common Deceptions
82
1
Using Information to Improve Democracy
83
3
The Reporting of Suicide
83
1
Responsibility to Be Informed
84
1
Information is a Commodity
85
1
Information as Socially Acceptable Harm
86
1
Accumulation of Behaviors Affects Quality of Life
86
1
The Right Thing To Do
87
1
Power
87
1
Race and Gender
88
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Gore and Campaign Workers
88
1
Power of Groups
89
1
Classic Case in Public Relations: Vietnam and the President
89
3
Considerate Use of Power
90
1
Ethical Judgments of a Community
90
1
Individual Creativity
91
1
Summary
92
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
92
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Internet News
93
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Lie and the Consequence
94
1
Contemporary Case in Media Business: Selling to the Elderly
95
1
Selected Sources
96
1
The Politics of Media Decisions: Who Wins-The Individual or the Community?
97
28
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Freebies
97
1
The Individual and the Community
98
4
What Are Liberalism and Communitarianism?
98
1
Liberalism
99
1
Communitarianism: Virtue and Relationship Ethics
100
2
History of the Individual vs. the Community
102
3
Does Crime Coverage Promote Crime?
103
2
Contemporary Case in Advertising: Jason and Nike
105
5
Should Media Use the Power of Persuasion?
105
1
Critical Questions for Liberals and Communitarians
106
4
More About Each Approach
110
4
Liberalism
110
1
Communitarianism
111
2
Blending the Philosophies
113
1
Contemporary Case: The Sorority Sister
114
1
Analyzing a Case: Campaign Sabotage
115
1
Contemporary Case in Advertising: Campaign Sabotage
115
2
Some Communitarian Choices
116
1
Liberal Analysis
116
1
No Easy Answers
117
1
Controversy Over Newspaper Editorials
117
2
Summary
119
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
120
1
Classic Case in Public Relations: The Exxon Valdez
120
2
Classic Case in Journalism: Leon Flint and Editorial Privilege
122
1
Selected Sources
123
2
Public Perception of Media Decisions
125
30
Contemporary Case in Cyberspace: Napster
125
1
What Causes Tense Social Relationships With Media?
126
1
Dependence on Media
127
1
Self-Serving Actions and Suspicions About the Media
127
1
Contemporary Case in Media: Presidential Election 2000
127
2
A Democratic Media System is Not Comfortable
129
2
Media Affects Distribution and Acquistion of Power and Information
129
1
Those With Power, Those Without Power
130
1
Which Social Groups Are in Conflict With Media?
131
1
Media's Response to the Conflict: Green-Light Journalism
132
1
Publishing Information Redistributes Power
132
1
Classic Case in Journalism: Red-Light Concerns, Publishing Claims of Sexual Harassment
132
2
Red Light or Green Light?
133
1
What Affects Society's Attitudes Toward Communicators?
134
4
Attitudes About Information Flow
134
1
Children's Attitudes About Media
135
1
Rumors
136
1
Social Beliefs About Media
137
1
Contemporary Case of Olympic Proportions: Corporate Public Relations and Bribery
138
2
Additional Social Messages
139
1
Persuaders: Finding Common Ground Between Clients and Audience
140
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Sport Utility Vehicles and Tire Safety
140
1
Informal Ways to Tame the Media
141
3
Social Conditioning Programs
141
1
Consolidation and Audience Shifts
142
2
Minimizing the Harm of Media Information
144
1
Examine the Powerful but Do Not Victimize the Powerless
145
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Exposing Discrimination
145
2
Society Approves Harm in Some Cases
146
1
Rules: How Society Handles Media Information
147
3
Formal and Informal Rules
148
1
The Pluralistic Society
149
1
Informal Rules: Conventions in Society
150
1
Classic Case in Public Relations and Advertising: Billionaire Access
150
1
Summary
151
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
152
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Small Town, Small Crime?
152
1
Contemporary Case in Advertising and Business: The Snoopers
153
1
Selected Sources
154
1
Journalism Ethics
155
1815
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Drudge Report
155
1
The Journalist in Cyberspace
155
1
Social Responsibility and the Journalist
156
4
Setting a Baseline of Media Expectations
156
2
Can the Profession Be Regulated?
158
1
Profits and Advertising Influence News Coverage
159
1
Neutrality and ``Objective'' Reporting
160
1
Business Needs in Journalism
160
4
Retaining Audience
161
1
Economic Discord Between Journalists and Advertisers
161
1
Media Power in the Automobile Industry
162
1
Media Ethics in a Profit-Oriented Culture
162
1
Attracting Readers Through Creativity
163
1
The Shared Culture of the Journalist
164
4
Are There Moral Obligations to the Community?
165
1
The Ethical Journalist
165
1
A Journalistic Guideline for Developing a Personal Moral Theory
166
2
Problems With Emphasis on Individualism
168
1
Classic Case in Journalism: Impeachment Hearings
168
1
The Ideal Pluralist
169
7
Include Numerous Parties in the Public Dialogue
170
1
Encourage Informed Participation
170
1
Provide Accuracy of Facts and Content
171
1
Deception
172
1
Utility and Duty
172
1
Can a Journalist Justify Deceiving an Audience?
173
1
Privacy
173
1
Privacy and Classes of Citizens
174
1
Moral Dilemma: Reporting on Family Distress
175
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Covering for the Church
176
1
Coverage of Public Figures
176
1
Classic Case in Journalism: Princess Diana
177
2
Does Invasion of Privacy Serve the Public?
179
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Paula Jones and Penthouse
179
2
Confidentiality
180
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Election Leak
181
1
Conflict of Interest
181
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: A Married Television Reporter
182
3
Perception and Reality
182
2
Community Involvement and Conflict
184
1
The Importance of Disclosure
184
1
Diversity: The Fairness of Representing Diverse Views
185
3
Including Minorities
185
1
Entrenched Power May Silence Minority Voices
186
1
Empowering Diverse Groups
186
1
Journalism Ethics and the Law
187
1
Journalists as Intermediaries for Sources and Audience
188
1
Reactions to Complex Classic Cases
188
1
Journalism and the Courts
188
2
Ensuring Fair Trials Amid Media Publicity
189
1
Reluctant Sources: Business and Police
190
1
Classic Case in Journalism: O. J. Simpson Criminal Trial
190
2
Social Elements of Fairness
191
1
Summary
192
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
193
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Hometown News
193
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Small-Town Football
194
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Illegal Border Activities
195
1
Selected Sources
196
1
Advertising and Public Relations: Ethical Persuasion
197
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Public Denials
197
1
Persuasion: A Morally Acceptable Game
198
3
Competition is Key
199
1
Deception
199
2
Truth
201
1
Presenting a Credible Truth
201
1
The Importance of Truth
202
1
Classic Case in Media: Pamela Anderson and Companion
202
2
Persuasion Shows a Commitment to Truth
203
1
Identifying Boundaries
203
1
The Philosophers on Lying
204
1
Blatant Lies
204
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The House Organ Exaggeration
204
3
Government Lies
206
1
Acts of Good Will: Bok
206
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Goodwill Gifts
207
1
Contemporary Case in Journalism: The Student Newspaper Compensation
207
1
Lies Can Protect or Inspire: Solomon
208
208
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Cleanup of United Way
208
2
When All Lies Are Harmful
209
1
Choosing Not to See the Truth
210
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: Corporate Persuader
210
5
Leaking the Truth: The Whistle Blower
211
1
Social Responsibility
212
1
Receiving Reliable and Valid Information
212
1
Trusting the Messenger
213
1
Advancing Our Culture
213
1
The Moral Limits of Advocating for the Client
214
1
What Are the Moral Limits of Persuasion?
215
3
Loyalty to Client or Profession?
216
1
The Message Must Be Likely to Be True
217
1
Justifiable and Unjustifiable Harm
217
1
Ethical Decision Making
218
3
Conflict of Interest
219
1
Making Reasoned Decisions
219
2
Summary
221
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
222
1
Contemporary Case in Advertising: New Job, Small Agency, Lousy Assignment
222
1
Contemporary Case in Advertising: Gambling Brochure
223
1
Contemporary Case in Public Relations: The Trucking Company's Safety Problems
224
1
Selected Sources
225
2
The History and Future of Media Ethics
227
32
Contemporary Case in Journalism: Staging the News
227
1
History
228
6
The Colonial Period
228
3
Journalism Becomes an Academic Discipline
231
1
The Age of Sensationalism
232
2
Ethical Reforms in Media and Academics
234
4
The Ethical Legacy of the 1920s
235
1
Recommending Ethical Considerations in Media
235
1
First Books on Media Ethics
236
1
Professional Journals
237
1
The Basics About Codes of Ethics
238
3
Journalism's First Codes of Ethics
239
1
Public Relations, TV, and Radio Codes
240
1
Codes of Ethics in Other Professions
240
1
Views on Codes of Ethics
241
5
No Binding Code of Ethics
241
1
Support for Binding Codes of Ethics
241
1
Freedom of Speech
242
1
Freedom of Press: Hutchins Commission
243
2
Modern Media Ethics
245
1
Public Relations and Advertising Sources
246
1
The New Horizon: Cyberspace
246
1
Contemporary Case in Advertising: Cyberspace Ethics
246
4
Cyberspace Is Critical to Mass Media
247
1
Understanding the Impact of Cyberspace
248
2
Diversity: Who Uses the Internet?
250
1
Contemporary Case in Cyberspace: Raymond's Lack of Access
250
3
Issues of Internet Access
251
1
Cyberdemocracy
251
2
Privacy
253
1
Summary
253
1
Moral Reasoning Questions
254
1
Classic Case in Journalism: The Photo of Nancy and Raisa
254
1
Classic Case in Journalism: William Randolph Hearst and the Spanish-American War
255
1
Selected Sources
255
4
Appendix: Selected Codes of Ethics in Mass Media
259
45
Resources: Web Sites in Media Ethics
304
10
Glossary
314
3
Index
317