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Tables of Contents for Physics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xii
Notes to Students and Instructors on the Format
xxii
Introduction
1
18
Science and creativity
2
2
Physics and its relation to other fields
4
1
Models, theories, and laws
5
1
Measurement and uncertainty
6
2
Units, standards, and the SI system
8
3
Converting units
11
1
Order of magnitude: rapid estimating
12
3
Mathematics in physics
15
4
Summary
15
1
Questions
16
1
Problems
16
1
General Problems
17
2
Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
19
29
Reference frames and displacement
20
1
Average velocity
21
2
Instantaneous velocity
23
1
Acceleration
24
2
Motion at constant acceleration
26
3
Solving problems
29
3
Problem solving
29
3
Falling objects
32
6
Graphical analysis of linear motion
38
10
Summary
41
1
Questions
41
1
Problems
42
4
General Problems
46
2
Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors
48
29
Vectors and scalars
48
1
Addition of vectors---graphical methods
49
2
Subtraction of vectors, and multiplication of a vector by a scalar
51
1
Adding vectors by components
52
5
Problem solving: adding vectors
56
1
Projectile motion
57
3
Solving problems involving projectile motion
60
6
Problem solving: projectile motion
60
6
Projectile motion is parabolic
66
1
Relative velocity
66
11
Summary
69
1
Questions
70
1
Problems
70
5
General Problems
75
2
Motion and Force: Dynamics
77
35
Force
77
1
Newton's first law of motion
78
2
Mass
80
1
Newton's second law of motion
80
3
Newton's third law of motion
83
4
Weight---the force of gravity; and the normal force
87
2
Solving problems with Newton's laws: vector forces and free-body diagrams
89
7
Problem solving: Newton's laws; Free-body diagrams
91
5
Applications involving friction, inclines
96
6
Problem solving---A general approach
102
10
Problem solving: in general
102
1
Summary
103
1
Questions
103
1
Problems
104
6
General Problems
110
2
Circular Motion; Gravitation
112
33
Kinematics of uniform circular motion
112
3
Dynamics of uniform circular motion
115
4
A car rounding a curve
119
3
Nonuniform circular motion
122
1
Centrifugation
123
1
Newton's law of universal gravitation
124
3
Gravity near the Earth's surface; geophysical applications
127
2
Satellites and ``weightlessness''
129
4
Kepler's laws and Newton's synthesis
133
4
Types of forces in nature
137
8
Problem solving: uniform circular motion and gravity
137
1
Summary
138
1
Questions
138
1
Problems
139
4
General Problems
143
2
Work and Energy
145
35
Work done by a constant force
146
4
Problem solving: work
149
1
Work done by a varying force
150
1
Kinetic energy, and the work-energy principle
150
3
Potential energy
153
4
Conservative and nonconservative forces
157
1
Mechanical energy and its conservation
158
1
Problem solving using conservation of mechanical energy
159
7
Other forms of energy; energy transformations and the law of conservation of energy
166
1
Energy conservation with dissipative forces: solving problems
167
2
Problem solving: conservation of energy
169
1
Power
169
11
Summary
172
1
Questions
172
2
Problems
174
4
General Problems
178
2
Linear Momentum
180
29
Momentum and its relation to force
180
2
Conservation of momentum
182
3
Collisions and impulse
185
2
Conservation of energy and momentum in collisions
187
1
Elastic collisions in one dimension---solving problems using energy and momentum conservation
188
2
Inelastic collisions
190
2
Collisions in two or three dimensions
192
2
Problem solving: momentum conservation and collisions
194
1
Center of mass (CM)
194
3
CM for the human body
197
2
Center of mass and translational motion
199
10
Summary
201
1
Questions
201
1
Problems
202
5
General Problems
207
2
Rotational Motion
209
32
Angular quantities
209
5
Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated rotational motion
214
1
Rolling motion
215
2
Torque
217
3
Rotational dynamics; torque and rotational inertia
220
2
Solving problems in rotational dynamics
222
3
Problem solving: rotational motion
223
2
Rotational kinetic energy
225
3
Angular momentum and its conservation
228
2
Vector nature of angular quantities
230
11
Summary
232
1
Questions
233
1
Problems
234
5
General Problems
239
2
Bodies in Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture
241
34
Statics--the study of forces in equilibrium
241
2
The conditions for equilibrium
243
2
Solving statics problems
245
5
Problem solving: statics
245
5
Applications to muscles and joints
250
2
Stability and balance
252
1
Elasticity; stress and strain
253
5
Fracture
258
3
Spanning a space: arches and domes
261
14
Summary
264
1
Questions
265
1
Problems
266
6
General Problems
272
3
Fluids
275
34
Density and specific gravity
275
1
Pressure in fluids
276
2
Atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure
278
1
Pascal's principle
279
1
Measurement of pressure; gauges and the barometer
280
2
Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle
282
5
Fluids in motion; flow rate and the equation of continuity
287
2
Bernoulli's equation
289
2
Applications of Bernoulli's principle: from Torricelli to sailboats, airfoils, and TIA
291
3
Viscosity
294
1
Flow in tubes: Poiseuille's equation, blood flow
295
1
Surface tension and capillarity
296
4
Pumps; the heart and blood pressure
300
9
Summary
302
1
Questions
302
2
Problems
304
3
General Problems
307
2
Vibrations and Waves
309
38
Simple harmonic motion
309
3
Energy in the simple harmonic oscillator
312
2
The period and sinusoidal nature of SHM
314
5
The simple pendulum
319
1
Damped harmonic motion
320
1
Forced vibrations; resonance
321
1
Wave motion
322
4
Types of waves: transverse and longitudinal
326
3
Energy transported by waves
329
1
Intensity related to amplitude and frequency
330
1
Reflection and interference of waves
331
3
Standing waves; resonance
334
3
Refraction and diffraction
337
10
Summary
340
1
Questions
341
1
Problems
342
3
General Problems
345
2
Sound
347
34
Characteristics of sound
347
3
Intensity of sound: decibels
350
2
Amplitude related to intensity
352
1
The ear and its response; loudness
353
2
Sources of sound: vibrating strings and air columns
355
6
Quality of sound, and noise
361
1
Interference of sound waves; beats
362
3
Doppler effect
365
4
Shock waves and the sonic boom
369
1
Applications; ultrasound and medical imaging
370
11
Summary
374
1
Questions
375
1
Problems
376
3
General Problems
379
2
Temperature and Kinetic Theory
381
36
Atomic theory of matter
381
3
Temperature and thermometers
384
3
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
387
1
Thermal expansion
388
2
Anomalous behavior of water below 4°C
390
1
Thermal stresses
391
1
The gas laws and absolute temperature
392
2
The ideal gas law
394
2
Problem solving with the ideal gas law
396
1
Ideal gas law in terms of molecules: Avogadro's number
397
2
Kinetic theory and the molecular interpretation of temperature
399
3
Distribution of molecular speeds
402
1
Real gases and changes of phase
403
2
Vapor pressure and humidity
405
3
Diffusion
408
9
Summary
411
1
Questions
411
1
Problems
412
4
General Problems
416
1
Heat
417
26
Heat as energy transfer
417
2
Distinction between temperature, heat, and internal energy
419
1
Internal energy of an ideal gas
420
1
Specific heat
420
2
Calorimetry---solving problems
422
2
Latent heat
424
4
Problem solving: calorimetry
427
1
Heat transfer: conduction
428
3
Heat transfer: convection
431
2
Heat transfer: radiation
433
10
Summary
437
1
Questions
438
1
Problems
439
2
General Problems
441
2
The Laws of Thermodynamics
443
33
The first law of thermodynamics
444
1
First law of thermodynamics applied to some simple systems
445
4
Human metabolism and the first law
449
1
The second law of thermodynamics---introduction
450
1
Heat engines
451
5
Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps
456
2
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
458
2
Order to disorder
460
1
Unavailability of energy; heat death
461
1
Evolution and growth; ``Time's arrow''
462
1
Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law
463
1
Energy resources: thermal pollution
464
12
Problem solving: thermodynamics
470
1
Summary
470
1
Questions
471
1
Problems
471
3
General Problems
474
2
Electric Charge and Electric Field
476
26
Static electricity; electric charge and its conservation
477
1
Electric charge in the atom
478
1
Insulators and conductors
479
1
Induced charge; the electroscope
479
2
Coulomb's law
481
2
Solving problems involving Coulomb's law and vectors
483
3
The electric field
486
4
Problem solving: electrostatics
490
1
Field lines
490
2
Electric fields and conductors
492
1
Electric forces in molecular biology: DNA structure and replication
493
9
Summary
496
1
Questions
496
1
Problems
497
2
General Problems
499
3
Electric Potential and Electric Energy; Capacitance
502
25
Electric potential and potential difference
502
4
Relation between electric potential and electric field
506
1
Equipotential lines
507
1
The electron volt, a unit of energy
508
1
Electric potential due to point charges
509
2
Electric dipoles
511
2
Capacitance
513
1
Dielectrics
514
2
Storage of electric energy
516
2
Cathode ray tube: TV and computer monitors, oscilloscope
518
2
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
520
7
Summary
521
1
Questions
522
1
Problems
522
3
General Problems
525
2
Electric Currents
527
28
The electric battery
528
2
Electric current
530
2
Ohm's law: resistance and resistors
532
2
Resistivity
534
3
Superconductivity
537
1
Electric power
538
2
Power in household circuits
540
1
Alternating current
541
3
Microscopic view of electric current
544
2
The nervous system and nerve conduction
546
9
Summary
549
1
Questions
550
1
Problems
551
2
General Problems
553
2
DC Circuits
555
33
Resistors in series and in parallel
556
6
EMF and terminal voltage
562
2
Kirchhoff's rules
564
2
Solving problems with Kirchhoff's rules
566
2
Problem solving: Kirchhoff's rules
567
1
EMFs in series and in parallel; charging a battery
568
1
Circuits containing capacitors in series and in parallel
568
2
Circuits containing a resistor and a capacitor
570
2
Heart pacemakers
572
1
Electric hazards; leakage currents
573
2
DC ammeters and voltmeters
575
3
Effects of meter resistance
578
10
Summary
579
1
Questions
579
2
Problems
581
4
General Problems
585
3
Magnetism
588
34
Magnets and magnetic fields
588
3
Electric currents produce magnetism
591
1
Force on an electric current in a magnetic field; definition of B
592
2
Force on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field
594
3
Magnetic field due to a straight wire
597
1
Force between two parallel wires
597
2
Definition of the ampere and the coulomb
599
1
Ampere's law
599
4
Torque on a current loop; magnetic moment
603
1
Applications: galvanometers, motors, loudspeakers
604
2
The Hall effect
606
1
Mass spectrometer
607
1
Ferromagnetism; domains
608
2
Electromagnets and solenoids
610
1
Magnetic fields in magnetic materials; hysteresis
611
11
Problem solving: magnetic fields
613
1
Summary
614
1
Questions
614
1
Problems
615
5
General Problems
620
2
Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law; AC Circuits
622
38
Induced EMF
622
2
Faraday's law of induction; Lenz's law
624
3
EMF induced in a moving conductor
627
1
Changing magnetic flux produces an electric field
628
1
Electric generators
629
2
Counter EMF and torque; eddy currents
631
2
Transformers; transmission of power
633
4
Applications of induction: magnetic microphone, tape recording, computer memory, and the seismograph
637
1
Inductance
638
2
Energy stored in a magnetic field
640
1
LR circuit
641
1
AC circuits and impedance
642
4
LRC series AC circuit; problem solving
646
3
Resonance in AC circuits; oscillators
649
1
Impedance matching
650
10
Summary
652
1
Questions
652
2
Problems
654
4
General Problems
658
2
Electromagnetic Waves
660
23
Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields; Maxwell's equations
661
1
Maxwell's fourth equation; displacement current
662
2
Production of electromagnetic waves
664
2
Calculation of the speed of electromagnetic waves
666
3
Light as an electromagnetic wave and the electromagnetic spectrum
669
3
Measuring the speed of light
672
1
Energy in EM waves
673
3
Radio and television
676
7
Summary
679
1
Questions
680
1
Problems
680
2
General Problems
682
1
Light: Geometric Optics
683
40
The ray model of light
683
1
Reflection; image formation by a plane mirror
684
4
Formation of images by spherical mirrors
688
8
Problem solving: spherical mirrors
695
1
Index of refraction
696
1
Refraction: Snell's law
696
3
Total internal reflection; fiber optics
699
3
Thin lenses; ray tracing
702
4
The lens equation
706
1
Problem solving for lenses
707
2
Problem solving: thin lenses
707
2
Problem solving for combinations of lenses
709
2
The lensmaker's equation
711
12
Summary
715
1
Questions
716
1
Problems
717
4
General Problems
721
2
The Wave Nature of Light
723
34
Waves versus particles; Huygens' principle and diffraction
724
1
Huygens' principle and the law of refraction
725
2
Interference---Young's double-slit experiment
727
4
The visible spectrum and dispersion
731
1
Diffraction by a single slit or disk
732
3
Diffraction grating
735
3
The spectrometer and spectroscopy
738
1
Interference by thin films
739
4
Michelson interferometer
743
1
Polarization
744
5
Scattering of light by the atmosphere
749
8
Problem solving: interference
750
1
Summary
751
1
Questions
752
1
Problems
752
3
General Problems
755
2
Optical Instruments
757
35
The camera
757
4
The human eye; corrective lenses
761
4
The magnifying glass
765
2
Telescopes
767
3
Compound microscope
770
2
Aberrations of lenses and mirrors
772
2
Limits of resolution; the Rayleigh criterion
774
3
Resolution of telescopes and microscopes
777
2
Resolution of the human eye and useful magnification
779
1
Specialty microscopes and contrast
779
3
X-rays and X-ray diffraction
782
2
X-ray imaging and computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)
784
8
Summary
787
1
Questions
788
1
Problems
788
3
General Problems
791
1
Special Theory of Relativity
792
31
Galilean--Newtonian relativity
793
3
The Michelson--Morley experiment
796
3
Postulates of the special theory of relativity
799
2
Simultaneity
801
2
Time dilation and the twin paradox
803
5
Length contraction
808
2
Four-dimensional space--time
810
1
Momentum and mass
811
1
The ultimate speed
812
1
E=mc2; mass and energy
813
3
Relativistic addition of velocities
816
1
The impact of special relativity
817
6
Summary
818
1
Questions
818
1
Problems
819
2
General Problems
821
2
Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
823
36
Discovery and properties of the electron
823
3
Planck's quantum hypothesis
826
3
Photon theory of light and the photoelectric effect
829
4
Photon interactions; Compton effect and pair production
833
2
Wave--particle duality; the principle of complementarity
835
1
Wave nature of matter
836
2
Electron microscopes
838
2
Early models of the atom
840
1
Atomic spectra: key to the structure of the atom
841
3
The Bohr model
844
7
de Broglie's hypothesis applied to atoms
851
8
Summary
852
1
Questions
853
1
Problems
854
3
General Problems
857
2
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
859
28
Quantum mechanics---a new theory
860
1
The wave function and its interpretation; the double-slit experiment
861
2
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
863
4
Philosophic implications; probability versus determinism
867
1
Quantum--mechanical view of atoms
868
1
Quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom; quantum numbers
869
3
Complex atoms; the exclusion principle
872
2
The periodic table of elements
874
1
X-ray spectra and atomic number
875
3
Fluorescence and phosphorescence
878
1
Lasers
878
4
Holography
882
5
Summary
883
1
Questions
884
1
Problems
884
2
General Problems
886
1
Molecules and Solids
887
29
Bonding in molecules
887
3
Potential--energy diagrams for molecules
890
2
Weak (van der Waals) bonds
892
3
Molecular spectra
895
6
Bonding in solids
901
1
Band theory of solids
902
3
Semiconductors and doping
905
2
Semiconductor diodes
907
2
Transistors and integrated circuits
909
7
Summary
911
1
Questions
912
1
Problems
912
2
General Problems
914
2
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
916
27
Structure and properties of the nucleus
916
3
Binding energy and nuclear forces
919
3
Radioactivity
922
1
Alpha decay
923
2
Beta decay
925
2
Gamma decay
927
1
Conservation of nucleon number and other conservation laws
928
1
Half-life and rate of decay
928
2
Calculations involving decay rates and half-life
930
2
Decay series
932
2
Radioactive dating
934
2
Stability and tunneling
936
1
Detection of radiation
937
6
Summary
939
1
Questions
939
1
Problems
940
2
General Problems
942
1
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
943
30
Nuclear reactions and the transmutation of elements
943
4
Nuclear fission; nuclear reactors
947
6
Fusion
953
5
Passage of radiation through matter; radiation damage
958
1
Measurement of radiation---dosimetry
959
4
Radiation therapy
963
1
Tracers and imaging in research and medicine
963
2
Emission topography
965
7
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
972
1
Summary
968
1
Questions
969
1
Problems
970
2
General Problems
972
1
Elementary Particles
973
26
High-energy particles
974
1
Particle accelerators
975
4
Beginnings of elementary particle physics---the Yukawa particle
979
4
Particles and antiparticles
983
1
Particle interactions and conservation laws
983
1
Particle classification
984
2
Particle stability and resonances
986
1
Strange particles
987
1
Quarks
988
3
The ``standard model'': quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak theory
991
2
Grand unified theories
993
6
Summary
995
1
Questions
996
1
Problems
996
2
General Problems
998
1
Astrophysics and Cosmology
999
37
Stars and galaxies
1000
5
Stellar evolution: the birth and death of stars
1005
7
General relativity: gravity and the curvature of space
1012
5
The expanding universe
1017
4
The big bang and the cosmic microwave background
1021
2
The standard cosmological model: the early history of the universe
1023
4
The future of the universe?
1027
9
Summary
1031
1
Questions
1032
1
Problems
1033
1
General Problems
1034
2
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW
1036
12
A-1 Relationships, proportionality, and equations
1036
1
A-2 Exponents
1037
1
A-3 Powers of 10, or exponential notation
1038
1
A-4 Algebra
1039
4
A-5 The binomial expansion
1043
1
A-6 Plane geometry
1043
1
A-7 Areas and volumes
1044
1
A-8 Trigonometric functions and identities
1045
1
A-9 Logarithms
1046
2
APPENDIX B DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
1048
3
APPENDIX C ROTATING FRAMES OF REFERENCE; INERTIAL FORCES; CORIOLIS EFFECT
1051
4
APPENDIX D GAUSS'S LAW
1055
5
APPENDIX E GALILEAN AND LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS
1060
4
APPENDIX F SELECTED ISOTOPES
1064
4
Answers to ODD-Numbered Problems
1068
13
Index
1081
14
Photo Credits
1095