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Tables of Contents for The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
PART I: THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY
1
44
CHAPTER 1 Views of Inequality and Poverty
1
19
The Continuing Controversy
1
2
Too little assistance?
1
1
Or too much?
2
1
Equity and Efficiency
2
1
Causes and Cures
3
6
Flawed characters
3
1
Restricted opportunity
4
1
Big brother
5
1
Self-interest
5
1
Policy implications
6
1
Historical perspectives
7
2
Inequality
9
1
Explanations
9
1
Equity versus efficiency
9
1
Dimensions of Inequality
10
4
Income versus wealth
10
1
Transitory versus permanent income
10
1
Life-cycle dynamics
11
1
Public provisions
12
1
Social equality
12
1
Happiness
13
1
Whose happiness? Units of observations
13
1
Poverty: Drawing a Line
14
4
The absolute approach
14
1
The relative approach
15
3
Summary
18
1
Further Reading
18
2
CHAPTER 2 Counting the Poor
20
25
The Distribution of Income
20
2
The Official Poverty Line
22
8
The concept of minimum needs
22
1
Units of measure
23
2
Poverty thresholds
25
1
The CEA line
25
2
The SSA index
27
1
The current poverty index
27
3
The Number of Poor People
30
2
The official poverty count
30
1
The poverty rate
30
2
How poor?
32
1
Measurement Problems
32
6
In-kind income
32
2
Underreporting
34
1
Income mobility
35
1
The uncounted poor
36
1
Latent poverty
36
1
Too low a threshold?
37
1
The call for revision
37
1
Characteristics of the Poor
38
4
Age and family status
38
1
Geography and residence
39
2
Labor force status
41
1
Similarities and differences
42
1
Summary
42
1
Further Reading
43
2
PART II: CAUSES OF POVERTY
45
132
CHAPTER 3 Labor Force Participation
45
24
Income Sources
45
4
Two-parent families
46
2
Female-headed families
48
1
Labor Force Status
49
4
The nonparticipants
50
2
Unemployment
52
1
The Process of Economic Deterioration
53
2
Subemployment
55
2
Discouraged workers
55
1
Underemployment
56
1
Subemployment
56
1
Poverty implications
56
1
The Question of Causation
57
7
Do the poor really try?
57
3
Macroeconomic forces
60
1
Deficient demand
61
2
Poverty impact
63
1
Summary
64
1
Further Reading
65
1
Appendix: The Phillips Curve Dilemma
65
4
CHAPTER 4 The Working Poor
69
15
Work Experience and Poverty
69
4
Weeks of work and hours
69
1
The working poor
70
1
How much work?
71
1
More measurement problems
72
1
The significance of secondary workers
72
1
Searching for Explanations
73
1
Minimum-Wage Jobs
74
1
Low Wages
75
4
Poor jobs
77
2
Why Wages Are So Low
79
1
Summary
80
1
Further Reading
80
1
Appendix: Does Prosperity Trickle Down?
81
3
CHAPTER 5 Age and Health
84
16
Age
84
10
Declining poverty rate
84
2
Diversity among the aged
86
1
Sources of economic support
87
5
Rising health
92
1
Tax burdens
93
1
Making do
94
1
Assessing causation
94
1
Health
94
4
Health costs
95
1
Causality
95
1
Health insurance
96
1
Intergenerational links
97
1
Mental health
98
1
Summary
98
1
Further Reading
99
1
CHAPTER 6 Family Size and Structure
100
14
Family Size
100
4
Poverty rates
101
1
The potential impact
101
2
Declining family size
103
1
The causal relation
103
1
Family Structure
104
8
Changing family patterns
104
1
Economic implications
105
2
Poverty impact
107
1
Causation
108
4
Summary
112
1
Further Reading
112
2
CHAPTER 7 The Underclass: Culture and Race
114
16
The Culture of Poverty
114
4
Norms versus traits
115
2
A question of opportunities
117
1
Wilson's Underclass Theory
118
4
Testing the theory
118
1
Direct tests of aspirations
119
1
Indirect tests of predicted behavior
120
1
Assessment
121
1
The Racial Inferiority Theory
122
5
Intelligence and status
123
1
IQ scores
124
1
Resolving the issues
125
1
Other complications
126
1
Summary
127
1
Further Reading
128
2
CHAPTER 8 Education and Ability
130
12
Education and Income
130
7
Poverty rates
131
1
Labor-market effects
131
1
Increasing skill premiums
132
1
Income overlaps
133
2
Education as a sorting device
135
2
The content of education
137
1
Ability and Income
137
3
Which ability matters?
137
1
IQ and schooling
138
2
Summary
140
1
Further Reading
140
2
CHAPTER 9 Discrimination in Education
142
19
Discrimination
142
5
Attitudes versus action
143
1
The relevancy standard
143
1
Costs and benefits of discrimination
144
3
Proving discrimination
147
1
Racial Discrimination in Education
147
6
Disparate outcomes
148
1
School segregation
149
2
Equality of facilities
151
1
Inherent inequalities
152
1
Class Discrimination in Education
153
4
School finances
154
1
Educational attainments
154
1
The question of ability
155
2
Sex Discrimination in Education
157
2
Gender segregation
157
1
Graduate degrees
158
1
Summary
159
1
Further Reading
160
1
CHAPTER 10 Discrimination in the Labor Market
161
16
Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market
161
11
Disparities in earnings
162
1
Educational differences
163
2
Components of earnings disparities
165
3
Who discriminates?
168
1
Labor unions
168
3
Employers
171
1
Class Discrimination in the Labor Market
172
1
Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market
173
3
Occupational segregation
173
3
Summary
176
1
Further Reading
176
1
PART III: POLICY OPTIONS
177
84
CHAPTER 11 Welfare Programs
177
27
Welfare versus Social Insurance
178
1
Welfare: The Cash Assistance Programs
179
9
Inadequacies
179
1
Inequities
180
2
Family disincentives
182
1
Work disincentives
183
3
Conflicting welfare goals
186
1
The goal compromise
187
1
Welfare: The In-Kind Programs
188
5
Food stamps
188
1
Medicaid
188
1
Housing assistance
189
1
Nutrition programs
189
1
The welfare package
189
1
Revisiting the goal conflict
190
3
Welfare Reform
193
5
Guaranteed income
193
1
Guaranteed jobs
194
1
Workfare
195
1
Edfare
196
1
The family support act of 1988
197
1
State waivers
198
1
The 1996 Welfare Reforms
198
2
The end of AFDC
199
1
Temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
199
1
The controversy
200
1
The Limits of Welfare
200
2
Summary
202
1
Further Reading
203
1
CHAPTER 12 Social Insurance Programs
204
17
Social Security
204
7
OASDHI programs
204
1
Financing
205
1
Benefits
206
1
Poverty impact
207
4
Medicare
211
1
Hospital insurance
211
1
Supplemental medical insurance
211
1
Poverty impact
212
1
Unemployment Insurance
212
3
Eligibility conditions
212
1
Benefits
213
1
Poverty impact
214
1
Child-Support Enforcement
215
4
Child-support gaps
215
1
Enforcement policies
216
1
Poverty impact
217
2
Summary
219
1
Further Reading
219
2
CHAPTER 13 Employment Policies
221
14
Aggregate Demand Policies
222
2
Full employment versus price stability
222
1
The quality of jobs
223
1
Training Programs
224
6
Job vacancies
224
1
The CETA program
225
1
JTPA programs
226
1
The WIN program
227
1
The JOBS program
228
1
State block grants
229
1
Generic problems
229
1
Tax Credits
230
2
Employer credits
230
1
Employee credits
231
1
A Coordinated Approach
232
1
Summary
233
1
Further Reading
234
1
CHAPTER 14 Equal Opportunity Policies
235
19
Equal Employment Opportunity Policies
236
6
The EEOC
236
1
The OFCCP
237
1
Quotas and guidelines
238
1
Reverse discrimination
239
2
Comparable worth
241
1
Class-based preferences
241
1
Equal Educational Opportunity Policies
242
10
Limits on federal policy
242
1
De jure versus de facto segregation
243
1
Housing patterns
243
1
School patterns
244
2
Busing
246
1
Fiscal disparities
247
2
Compensatory education
249
1
College admissions
250
2
Summary
252
1
Further Reading
253
1
CHAPTER 15 Directions and Prospects
254
7
The Causes of Poverty
254
2
Policy Directions
256
4
Welfare reform
257
1
Social insurance
258
1
Education and training
258
1
Macroeconomic policy
259
1
Equal opportunity
259
1
Causes, Attitudes, and Policy
260
1
Index
261