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Tables of Contents for Real Estate Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
1 Introduction to the Basic Processes of Real Estate Law
1
14
The Role of Real Estate Law
1
1
The Various Laws
2
3
Constitutions
2
2
Statutes
4
1
Ordinances and Regulations
4
1
Judicial Interpretation
5
1
Historical Background of the Courts
5
2
Courts of Law
5
1
Courts of Equity
5
2
The Current Civil Courts System
7
6
State Courts
7
2
Federal Court
9
1
Courts Procedure
10
1
Legal Research
11
2
Summary
13
2
2 Estates in Land
15
22
Freehold Estates
15
10
Rule against Perpetuities
15
1
Types of Freehold Estates
16
6
Subsurface Estates
22
2
Air Rights
24
1
Statutory Estates
25
9
Homesteads
25
5
Dower and Curtesy
30
1
Community Property
31
3
Summary
34
3
3 How Ownership Is Held
37
30
Sole Ownership
37
1
Characteristics of Co-Ownership in General
37
8
Joint Tenancy
41
2
Tenancy by Entireties
43
2
Forms of Business Organization
45
13
Corporations
45
4
Subchapter S Corporations
49
1
Partnerships
50
6
Limited Liability Partnership
56
1
Limited Liability Company
56
2
Ownership by Trusts
58
2
Organization
58
1
Testamentary and Inter Vivos Trusts
59
1
Land Trusts
59
1
Real Estate Investment Trusts
60
1
Syndications
61
1
Summary
62
5
4 Fixtures and Easements
67
24
Fixtures
67
12
Realty to Personalty--Personalty to Realty
67
1
Determination of a Fixture
68
5
Security Interests
73
6
Trade Fixtures
79
1
Easements
79
9
Appurtenant versus in Gross
81
1
Creation
82
4
Termination
86
2
Summary
88
3
5 Real Estate Brokerage and Management
91
24
State Real Estate Commissions/Departments
91
1
Licensing Statutes
92
4
Definitions
93
1
Eligibility Requirements for Real Estate Licensure
93
1
Exempt Persons
93
3
Changing Agency Relationships
96
1
Listing Agreements
96
8
Legal Sufficiency
97
1
Types of Listing Agreements
97
7
Legal Actions to Recover Commissions
104
2
Special Problem Areas
106
6
Real Estate as a Security
106
1
Truth in Lending
106
1
Employees versus Independent Contractors
107
1
Brokers versus Lawyers
108
1
Antitrust Laws
108
3
Tying Claims
111
1
Summary
112
3
6 The Law of Agency
115
28
Creation of the Agency Relationship
115
4
Types of Authority
116
1
Agency Liabilities
117
2
Duties of the Agent to the Principal
119
10
Performance
119
1
Loyalty
120
1
Full Disclosure
121
2
Specific Disclosure Issues
123
5
Reasonable
128
1
Accounting
129
1
Duties of the Principal to the Agent
129
2
Performance
130
1
Compensation
130
1
Reimbursement
130
1
Indemnification
130
1
Broker's Duties to Prospective Purchasers
131
1
Cooperating Brokers
132
1
Buyer Brokerage
133
2
Duties of Care
134
1
Compensation
135
1
Dual Agency
135
2
Duties of Care
135
2
Conflicts
137
1
Single Agency
137
1
Intermediaries/Designated Brokerage
138
1
Middlemen
139
1
Management Responsibilities
139
1
Termination of Agency
140
2
Summary
142
1
Contracts for the Sale of Real Estate
143
34
Contracts Generally
143
5
Creation
143
5
Rules for the Construction of Contracts
148
5
Reasonable Time
149
1
Validity
149
1
Four Corners Doctrine
149
1
Interlineations, "Fill-in-the-Blanks,"
149
1
Against Maker
150
1
Parol Evidence Rule
150
1
Printed versus Typed
151
1
Effective Date
151
1
Legal Effect
151
2
Earnest Money Contracts
153
15
Requirements of Earnest Money Contracts
153
2
Provisions of Earnest Money Contracts
155
9
Remedies for Default
164
4
The Merger Doctrine
168
1
Option Contracts
168
1
Installment Land Contracts
169
3
Disadvantages
170
1
Default and Remedies
170
2
Summary
172
5
8 Conveyances
177
22
Voluntary Conveyances
177
11
Deeds
177
9
Wills
186
1
Dedication
187
1
Involuntary Conveyances
188
7
Eminent Domain
188
4
Adverse Possession
192
2
Intestate Succession
194
1
Foreclosure
194
1
Tax Sales
195
1
Escheat
195
1
Summary
195
4
9 Recording Interests in Real Estate
199
14
Recording Acts in General
199
2
Basic Principles of Law
199
1
Bona Fide Purchaser Requirements
200
1
Types of Recording Acts
201
3
Race Type Recording Act
201
1
Notice Type Recording Act
202
1
Race-Notice Type Recording Act
202
1
Examples Applying the Recording Act
202
2
The Process of Recording
204
5
Lis Pendens
205
1
Acknowledgments
206
1
Other Methods of Establishing Recordability
207
1
Records of Acknowledgments
208
1
Jurat
209
1
Summary
209
4
10 Mortgages
213
34
Instruments Required to Create a Mortgage
213
16
Real Estate Lien Note
214
2
The Regular Mortgage
216
5
The Deed of Trust
221
8
After Foreclosure
229
1
Equity of Redemption and Statutory Redemption
229
1
Lien Priority
230
1
Additional Mortgage or Deed of Trust Provisions
230
5
Assignment of Rentals
231
1
Condemnation
231
1
Partial Releases
231
1
Due-On Clause
231
2
No Personal Liability
233
1
Why Have Two Instruments?
234
1
Other Types of Mortgages
235
4
Absolute Deed as a Mortgage
235
1
Sale and Lease-Back
235
2
Installment Land Contracts
237
1
Construction Mortgages
238
1
Transfer of the Mortgagor's Interest
239
3
Assumption
239
1
Subject To
239
2
Wrap-Around Mortgage
241
1
Summary
242
5
11 Regulations Affecting Real Estate Lending
247
16
Truth-in-Lending Act
247
4
Right of Rescission
251
1
Equal Credit Opportunity Act
251
1
Fair Credit Reporting Act
252
1
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
253
1
State Usury Laws
253
6
Determination of Interest
255
3
Required Incorporation
258
1
Spreading
258
1
Penalty for Usurious Transactions
259
1
Summary
259
4
12 Methods of Title Assurance
263
18
Torrens Registration System
263
2
Grantor's Warranties
265
1
Abstractor's Certificate
265
1
Lawyer's Title Opinion
266
1
Title Insurance
266
12
Scope of Coverage
268
7
Determination of Loss
275
1
Standards Exceptions
276
1
Disadvantages and Limitations of Title Insurance
277
1
Summary
278
3
13 Closings
281
16
Closings Generally
281
1
Escrow Closings
282
2
Relation-Back Doctrine
283
1
Closing into Escrow
283
1
Escrow Agent Liabilities and Duties
284
1
Documents Distributed at Closings
284
2
Parties and Their Roles at the Closing
286
1
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
287
5
Transactions Covered
287
1
Exemptions from RESPA
288
1
Lender Requirements
289
1
Settlement Agent's Requirements
289
1
Controlled Business and Referral Fees
290
1
New Rules
291
1
Escrow Accounts
292
1
Summary
292
5
14 Real Estate Liens
297
8
Equitable Liens
297
1
Statutory Liens
298
4
Judgment Lien
298
1
Mechanics' and Materialmen's Liens
299
3
Constitutional Liens
302
1
Contractual Liens
302
1
Redemptions after Forced Sale
302
1
Summary
302
3
15 Landlord and Tenant Relationships
305
14
Types of Tenancies
305
2
Estates for Years
306
1
Estates from Period of Period
306
1
Estates at Will
306
1
Estates at Sufferance
306
1
Lease Agreements in General
307
1
Lease Requirements
307
1
Types of Leases
308
2
Gross Lease
308
1
Net Lease
309
1
Percentage Lease
309
1
Ground Lease
310
1
Assignments and Subleases
310
1
Special Lease Provisions
311
1
Remedies for Default
312
4
Lessor's Remedies
312
2
Lessee's Remedies
314
1
Warranty of Habitability
315
1
Summary
316
3
16 Condominiums and Cooperatives
319
18
Condominiums
319
10
Statutory Definitions
320
1
Ownership Rights
321
2
Creating a Condominium Project
323
1
Control and Maintenance
323
4
Specific Condominium Problem Areas
327
2
Cooperative Housing
329
4
Creation
329
1
Ownership and Control
330
1
Advantages
331
1
Disadvantages
332
1
Summary
333
4
17 Regulation of Real Estate
337
24
Federal Land-Use Control
338
13
Securities and Exchange Commission
338
2
The Department of Housing and Urban Development
340
5
The Federal Trade Commission
345
1
The Environmental Protection Agency
345
3
Historic Preservation
348
1
Fair Housing Act
348
1
Coastal Zone Management
349
1
Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act
349
1
Net Effect of Federal Regulation
350
1
State and Local Land-Use Regulations
351
7
Building Codes
352
1
Zoning
352
1
Special Districts
353
1
Zoning Issues
353
5
Private Land-Use Regulations
358
1
Deed Restrictions
359
1
Summary
359
2
18 Taxes Associated with Real Estate
361
17
Property Taxes
361
4
Why Have Real Property Taxes?
362
1
Property Tax Procedure
362
2
Special Assessments
364
1
Federal Income Taxation
365
11
Income
365
2
Depreciation
367
1
Accelerated Cost Recovery System
368
2
Capital Gains Tax Treatment
370
1
Tax-Deferred Exchanges
371
1
Installment Sales
372
1
At-Risk Rules
373
1
Homeownership Benefits
374
2
Summary
376
2
Table of Cases
378
3
Index
381